士兵不同持枪方式站岗的工效学分析

The ergonomic analysis of different holding gun methods for standing guard soldiers

目的研究站岗时不同持枪方式和枪重对健康的影响,为长期站岗的部队士兵提出站岗持枪方式建议.方法本研究于2018年1月~2018年6月基于JACK软件创建不同百分位人体模型,根据士兵站岗要领调整站岗姿势,在不同持枪方式和负载下,分析人体L4/L5关节、膝关节及脚踝的受力特点.并采用多元回归分析持枪站岗时各关节受力、负载、体重指数间的数学关系.结果 L4/L5关节、膝关节、踝关节的受力与枪重和持枪方式相关,不同体重指数的人背带持枪时手向下施力-2kgf均能有效减小腰椎L4/L5关节的压力,即手施力分别为-5、-3、-4、-3、-2、-1、0、1、2 kgf时,枪重为0条件下,不同体重指数的人(P1,P5,P55,P75,P99)腰椎L4/L5关节压力最小,分别为269、281、321、408、444N;枪重为2、4、8 kg条件下也有相同的变化趋势;膝关节和踝关节受力较小的持枪方式也为背带持枪手向下施力范围0^-4 kgf,但体重指数越高,受力为0的点需要手向下的力越大,即枪重分别为0、2、4、8 kg,不同体重指数人踝关节力矩为0的点分布在手施力为-1 ^-3 kgf,膝关节力矩为0的点分布在手施力为-1.1~3.7 kgf.结论为了降低部队士兵持枪站岗时的人体腰椎L4/L5关节、膝关节、踝关节受力,降低久站作业的职业病风险,建议持枪方式为背带持枪,手向下施力-2kgf.

Objective To study the effects of different holding gun methods and gun weight on health when standing guard,and propose a way to support the health of long-term standing guard soldiers.Methods We created different percentile mannequins by Classic JACK,and adjusted the standing guard posture based on its standards for soldiers.The pressure on lumbar L4/L5 and moment on ankles and knees were analysied for different holding gun methods and gun weight.Then the mathematical models of joint load,gun weight and body mass index were studied by multiple regression analysis.Results Holding gun methods and gun weight influence the force characteristics on ankles,knees and lumbar L4/LS.Holding gun with a brace and hands applying downward force-2 kgf could significantly reduce lumbar L4/L5 pressure.When the hand force is-5,-3,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2 kgf,and the weight of the gun is 0,Lumbar vertebrae L4/L5 joint pressure of people with different body mass index (P1,P5,P55,P95,P99) are the smallest,respectively 269,281,321,408,444 N,and the same change trend occurs when the weight of the gun is 2,4,and 8 kg.The moment on ankles and knees were less with the same holding gun method and the hands downward force ranged from 0 to-4 kgf,and the higher the body mass index is,the more the hands downward force needed to make the moment on ankles and knees zero.That is,the moment on ankles could be zero when the hands downward force ranged from-1 to-3 kgf,the moment on knees could be zero when the hands downward force ranged from-1.1 to-3.7 kgf.Conclusion To reduce the pressure on lumbar L4/L5 and moment on ankles and knees,so as to cut down occupational risk of long-standing operation,we advise the long-term standing guard soldiers holding gun with a brace and hands applying downward force-2 kgf.