新石器时代至先秦时期长江下游的生业形态研究(上)

Study on Profession Morphology from the Neolithic Period to the Pre-Qin Period in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

近万年以来,长江下游一直有古人类栖居,见证了史前文化发展的重要阶段。先民在具有本地特色的多元化生业实践中,最终奠定了以水稻栽培和家猪饲养为主、多种经济类动植物管理为辅的生业经济格局。本文对该地区新石器至先秦时代57处遗址所开展的动、植物考古和骨骼稳定同位素研究的数据进行梳理,初步评估各遗址中农作物和家养动物在动植物组合中的比例,进而分析生业活动的类型和特点、生业经济的宏观历时变迁,以及与物种驯化起源、强化农业的确立和衰落相关的问题。长江下游在距今10000年左右已有以水稻栽培为代表的农业因素。距今8200年~5300年是农业经济的发展期,动物资源以狩猎采集为主、家养为辅,植物资源从水生植物果实逐步过渡到以水稻为主,水田耕作技术得到发展。距今5300年~4300年的良渚文化时期,农业经济达到全盛,以水稻强化生产和家猪饲养为支撑的经济模式确立。随着良渚文化的式微,农耕和家畜饲养都有所萎缩。商周时期,北方旱地耕作传入。我们提出,未来的研究应重视该地区生业的多元性特点,把对水稻的特别关注转向对更多其它物种的考察,从人类生态学角度全面地解读长时段人地关系的变迁。

The Lower Yangzi region has witnessed evolution of human society since 10,000 BP. The subsistence economy that is dominated by rice cultivation and pig raising and associated with diverse economic plant and animal species management was established by peoples' local multiple subsistence practices. This paper showed the data of zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical investigation as well as stable isotope analysis from 57 sites dated to 11,000 ~ 2,300 BP, and then estimated the proportion of domesticated plant and animal species in their assemblages. Finally, we were able to interpret the issues regarding categories and characters of subsistence activities, chronological change of subsistence economy, initial domestication, formation of intensive agricultural production, and post -Liangzhu agriculture decline, etc. The agro -ecology presented by rice cultivation already existed in this region by 10,000 BP. During 8,200~5,300 BP, animal exploitation was dominated by hunting and fishing and supplemented by pig raising, while plant procurement emphasis was put on "aqua-cultural" species at first and gradually moved towards rice farming. Rice paddy technology was also developed then. Agricultural economy reached a peak in Liangzhu period during 5,300-4,300 BP. The subsistence pattern supported by intensive rice farming and pig raising was consolidated. However, later, agricultural proportion in subsistence economy shrank with the decline of Liangzhu Culture. Dryland farming seemed to be introduced into the Lower Yangzi region in Shang-Zhou period. We suggested that the future research should place more attention to subsistence diversity of this region, and expand the scholarly interest from rice domestication to anthropogenesis of many other species whose initial domestication has great potential to be explored. The long-term human-environment interaction should be explained from a human ecological view.