国家认同中的族群不对称研究述评

On Ethnic Minorities-Majorities Asymmetry in National Identity

基于社会结构中群体地位和群体权利差异普遍存在的基本认识,社会支配论提出了国家认同中的族群不对称假设。这一假设包括关系不对称和程度不对称两个部分。前者是指支配族群的族群认同与国家认同之间存在积极的正向关系,而从属族群两种认同之间的关系则倾向于相互独立乃至相互冲突;后者是指支配族群的国家认同程度要高于从属族群。尽管存在理论解释上的竞争和实证结论上的抵触,但包括一些大型国际调查数据在内的实证研究部分证明国家认同中族群不对称现象的客观存在。正视这一现象并进一步探讨其背后的现实因素和理论脉络,对于理解国家认同困境的形成和推动多族群国家建设有着不容低估的重要意义。族群不对称假设的现实启示,是将民族平等作为化解多族群国家认同困境的基本理念。

Based on the understanding that the differences of group status and group rights are universal in social structure,the social dominance theory puts forward the hypothesis of ethnic minorities-majorities asymmetry in national identity.This hypothesis comprises of two parts:relationship asymmetry and degree asymmetry.The former means the positive relationship between the ethnic identity and national identity of the dominant ethnic group,and the neutral,even conflict relationship between the two identities of the subordinate ethnic group.The latter means that the degree of national identity of the dominant ethnic group is greater than that of the subordinate ethnic group.Although there is competition in theoretical interpretation and conflict in empirical conclusions,many empirical studies,including some large-scale international survey data,partially prove the existent of the asymmetry in national identity.Being faced with this phenomenon and further exploring its realistic factors and theoretical context is of great importance for understanding the formation of national identity dilemma and promoting the constructions of multi-ethnic countries.The hypothesis is also illuminating to regard the idea of ethnic equality as the fundamental way to resolve the dilemma of national identity in multi-ethnic countries.