从波兰问题反思卡尔·施米特的欧洲国际秩序论述

The Polish Question as a Touchstone for Carl Schmitt's Theory of the Modern European Inter-state Order

德国公法学家卡尔·施米特在《大地的法》中怀念19世纪"欧洲公法"的黄金时代,并将一战之后的国际法演变视为一个不断堕落的过程。"欧洲公法"的核心是非歧视性的、以限制战争而非消灭战争为宗旨的战争法。波兰的近代命运可以为反思这一论述提供一个切入点。在施米特篇幅极短的波兰论述中,波兰是不规则和异质的存在,它在欧洲建设领土型国家中被牺牲,从而为"欧洲公法"在欧洲内部的全覆盖准备了条件。施米特的论述忽略了波兰在18世纪的国家建设努力,但洞见了从18世纪末期到一战的欧洲国际体系与波兰的民族独立之间的紧张乃至对立关系。"欧洲公法"时代的终结带来了波兰的复国,施米特将德国视为巴黎和会上的被压迫者,并以19世纪为参照,将战后的国际体系视为一个紊乱和无效的体系,进而着手建构一个以"大空间"为基础的新国际法理论。在这一理论中,同样缺乏波兰的自主空间。波兰是一块试金石,映照出施米特公法理论极其冷峻的一面,对于中国学人反思近代国际秩序与中国的位置,可能具有参照意义。

In his Der Nomos der Erde, Carl Schmitt paid his tribute for the eclipse of the golden age of Jus Publicum Europaeum, and regarded the evolution of international law after the First World War as a process of degeneration. The core of Jus Publicum Europaeum is a non-discriminatory law of war aiming at limiting rather than annihilating war. The historical experience of Poland since the early modern era could help us reflect upon the Schmittian theoretical vision. In Schmitt’s very short comment on Poland, Poland is an irregular and heterogeneous political unit to be sacrificed for the full coverage of Jus Publicum Europaeum in Europe. Schmitt’s comment ignores the Polish effort to build a modern state in the 18th Century, but provides sharp insights into the tensions between the national independence of Poland and the inter-state system from the late 18th Century to the First World War. The end of the golden age of Jus Publicum Europaeum brought about the restoration of the Polish state. Schmitt regarded Germany in the 1920s and 1930s as the oppressed state in the dysfunctional Versailles system, and attempted to invent a new international law theory based upon “Groβraum”. However, this new theory did not support the autonomy of Poland either. The Polish case reveals the dark side of the modern European inter-state system as well as Schmitt’s theory of inter-state order, and may help Chinese scholars reach a deeper understanding of China’s disadvantaged position in the modern inter-state system.