清代石仓的地方市场与猪的养殖、流通与消费

The Breeding, Circulation and Consumption of Pigs in Local Market in Shicang in Qing China

在清代乡村社会中,猪与猪肉在乡村地方市场中具有重要地位。本文利用浙江石仓文书中的账簿、契约和族谱资料,以小地主阙翰鹤为中心,描述石仓农户在道光、咸丰年间猪的养殖、流通与消费模式。在养殖方面,石仓村民发展出灵活的典当、借贷形式,降低养猪业进入门槛。在流通方面,养殖户自屠猪肉的78%都进入肉店,又每十天左右从肉店回购鲜肉作日常消费。在消费方面,家庭总消费猪肉数量保持稳定;但由于人口增长,从1849年至1856年,每人年均猪肉消费量下降了约48%。从石仓的经验看,村民们在地方小市场中积极参与市场经济、积累资本并改善资源配置;其未能扩大再生产,主要与产业结构变动及人口增长过快有关。

In the countryside of Qing China, pigs and pork played important roles in local market.This paper makes use of account books, contracts and genealogies to describe the pattern of pig's breeding, circulation and consumption of farmers in Shicang village.For pig breeding, villagers developed flexible patterns on mortgage and loan to reduce the entry barrier.For pig circulation, farmers arrange with and sell about 78% of total pork to butcher's shop when slaughter pigs and buy back fresh pork every ten days. For pork consumption, the total amount of consumption remains stable, but the amount per capita reduced by 48% in 1856 compared with 1849.Based on the case of Shicang, we found that in local market, farmers actively participated in market economy, accumulate capital and improve resource allocation;the lack of expansion in production should attribute to changes in industrial structure and quick expansion of population.