折漕采买浅议——考察晚清漕运体制改革的另一视角

Discussion on Caozhe and Purchase:Another Perspective of Water Transport Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty

晚清漕运体制改革是在缺乏朝廷统筹布局的情况下,主要由有漕各省分别推进的,从中大致可以梳理出由湖广发端的漕务改章、江浙漕粮海运和南漕改折以招商采买三条主要线索,其中第三条线索较少受到研究者关注。折漕采买可追溯到道光初招商采买台米以济京仓,道光中即与试办海运同被朝廷视为应对漕运危机的政策选项。迨咸同之际,冯桂芬倡议改折南漕、解京发饷、招商采买以裕京仓,而两江大吏鲜有正面回应者。至光绪后期,始有署理两江总督张之洞推出大体切实可行的折漕采买实施方案,但随着百日维新失败而被推翻。本文选取晚清漕运变迁史的另一视角,考察折漕采买的内在动力、演变趋势、历史意义、与海运漕粮和漕务改章的关系,以及最终被朝廷弃置的原因,以期有助于展现漕运体制改革进程全貌。

In the absence of the overall layout of the royal court,the reform of the transport system of the late Qing Dynasty was mainly carried out by the provinces of water transport of grain.We can comb three main clues of the reform of grain began in Hubei and Hunan province、the grain transportation by the sea in Jiangsu and Zhejiang and south Caozhe and purchase.but the third clues were less concerned by the researchers.It seems that it can be traced back to Taoguang's initial investment and purchase,and it was regarded as a policy option to deal with the water transport crisis.During the period of Xuanfeng and Tongchi,Feng Guifen proposed to change the South Caozhe,the pay of Beijing,and the merchants to full the Yujing storehouse.But there were few positive responders to the two river officials.Until the late Guangxu,Zhang chidong,the governor of the two rivers,launched a more feasible scheme for the reform of South Caozhe and invite businessman to buy grain,but it was voted in Hundred Days of Reform.In this paper,I want to choose the other dimension of the history of the transition of the late Qing Dynasty,and study the internal motive,the evolution trend,the historical status,the relationship with the sea grain and the water transport reform,as well as the reasons that have not been adopted by the royal court,it can help to show the whole process of the reform process of the transport system and to sum up the historical experience and lessons,then we can get a reference for today s reform.