文以明道:韩愈《原道》的经典化历程

Writings Clarifying the Dao: The Canonization Course of “The Original Dao” from the 9th to the 13th Century

自中唐至宋初,韩愈《原道》的影响有限。北宋仁宗朝的前三十年,是《原道》走向经典化的关键时期。它被士人精英尊为文以明道的典范,排佛卫道的一面旗帜。它所揭橥的道统谱系,为方兴未艾的儒学各派提供了争取正统地位的言说方式。它以新颖的论述,引领了"原"体写作。自仁宗嘉祐年间至北宋后期,《原道》遭遇到佛教契嵩和儒学内部的各种质疑批判。不过,这并未逆转其经典化的历程,反而由此开启了宋代学术思想在本体论、心性论等层面深入发展的契机。绍兴和议后,宋、金南北对峙,《原道》的经典化在不同的地理、文化空间中呈现出不同轨迹。在南宋,韩愈虽被理学家从道统中排除,《原道》文以明道的经典地位却屹然不动。借助于科场文化的推动,它进而成为普通士人文章写作的必读作品,经典的形成跨越了士人各个阶层。至于在女真统治下的北方中国,由于浓郁的"三教合一"学术思想氛围,《原道》一直较受冷落。直至蒙元时期,随着理学北传以及文坛宗韩之风的兴起,《原道》的经典意义才得以逐渐凸显。

From mid-Tang to the early Song period,“The Original Dao”had only limited influence,and the first three decades of the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song was the critical period in its canonization course.It was revered as the model of clarifying the Dao and a flag of opposing Buddhism by intellctuals.The Confucian orthodoxy it revealed provided a way of expression to win legitimacy,and it led the writing in the“original”style with innovative narration.Later,it confronted query and criticism from Buddhism and within Confucianism. However,its course of cannonization was not reversed,and academic thoughts in the Song dynasty gained developing opportunity in dimensions of ontology and mind-nature theory.After the Shaoxing Negotiation,its classical status remained though Han Yu was excluded from the orthodoxy by Neo-Confucians,and it became a must text for scholars by the promotion of imperial examination.In Northern China under the rule of Jurchen,“The Original Dao”was left out due to the strong atmosphere of“combination of three religions.”After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty,the northern intellectuals embraced Neo-Confucianism,and the classical status of“The Original Dao”was settled in a more extensive space.