历史院落住宅的环境性能优化和侯冀村的复兴——来自中国平遥的案例

Environmental Performance Optimization of a Historical Courtyard House and the Revitalization of the Hou Ji Village:A Case of Pingyao in China

侯冀村是一个具有很高历史和文化价值的小村落,位于中国北部,距离列入联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产名录的平遥古城仅数公里。侯冀村的生活与农业密切相关,导致居民工作很辛苦且收入较低。历史性住宅虽然从建筑角度看很美,但是居住条件很差,从而导致年轻一代离开农村前往城市寻找工作和更加现代化的生活。农村地区剩下的人口大多是儿童和老年人。为了制定一套符合现代化和舒适生活方式的历史住宅环境性能提升的指导方针,挪威科技大学联合一所中国的大学和研究机构,启动了一项研究项目。三个子课题组分别展开分析和研究,分别关注历史和文化价值(WP1),居民的需求和社会经济趋势(WP2)以及环境性能和能源需求(WP3)。WP1和WP2进行了使用后评估和现场分析,对历史住宅和新式住宅的居民进行了访谈。侯冀村是案例研究点,WP3利用现场先进的监测系统,通过住宅数字模型的动态模拟,分析侯冀村一所住宅的环境性能。之前出版的环境性能分析的结果已被用于解释可能的干预措施的生物气候图,以提高住宅的环境性能。该生物气候图与其它两个课题组收集的数据相结合,可用作一个有意义的平台,用于设计旨在优化住宅环境性能和舒适度的住宅修缮工程,同时也考虑住宅的历史和社会一人类学价值。本文同时展示了住宅的修缮工程,这也是三个课题组工作的综合解决方案。

Houji is a small village of high historical and cultural value, located in the north of China, a few kilometres away from Pingyao, a UNESCO world heritage site. Life in Houji is usually related to farming traditions and provides to its inhabitsnts low income and hard work. Historical dwellings, despite their unquestionable architectural beauty, offer rather poor living conditions. This encourages the young and active gen eration to seek work and a more modern life in the city, leaving a population dominated by children and the old behind. A research project aiming at identifying a set of guidelines for the upgrade of historical housing conditions towards a more modern and comfortable lifestyle was thus initiated in collaboration with a Chinese university and instit tions. Analyses have been conducted in three different work packages focusing, respectively, on historical and cultural values (WP1), people's needs and socio-economic trends (WP2), environmental performance and energy dema nd (WP3). Post-occupancy evaluation and on-site analyses have been conducted in WP1 and WP2, interviewing different kinds of in habitants in both historical and newer dwellings. The environmental performs nee of a house in the Houji village, chosen as case study, has been analysed in WP3 using an advaneed monitoring system on site and conducting dynamic simulations on a digital model of the house. Results of environmental performance analyses, previously published, have been used for defining a bioclimatic chart of possible interventions aiming at improving the house's environmentai performance. The defined bioclimatic chart has been combined with data collected in the other two work packages and used as meaningful platform for the design of a refurbishment project able to optimize building environmental performance towards comfort, while taking into account historical and socio-anthropological values of the building. In this paper, the refurbishment project concept of the house, developed as a synthesis of the work conducted in all the three work packages, will be presented.