通过宏基因组学发现生物催化剂

Discovering biocatalysts through metagenomics

现在大多数化学合成使用对环境有害的有机溶剂.如果用酶作为生物催化剂,则可在化学合成反应中少使用或不使用有机溶剂,所以使用酶作为催化剂更环保.随着宏基因组学的发展,以及二代测序成本的持续大幅度下降,基于宏基因组学获得生物催化剂已经成为最重要的方法.本文综述基于宏基因组学发现生物催化剂的各种方法,对目前世界上采用的各种筛选方法进行归纳,共总结出两大类方法:一是基于宏基因组文库的筛选方法,另一种是基于序列的遗传筛选方法.进一步对这两类方法细分为具体的7种筛选方法,并对各种方法的优缺点逐一进行回顾和评述.同时,对各种基于宏基因组学筛选生物催化剂的方法得到的结果进行统计分析,指出表型选择法筛选是采用最多的方法,有很大的实用价值.认为直接二代测序进行生物信息学筛选的方法也是有潜力的一种筛选方法,三代测序技术将在基于宏基因组学的生物催化剂筛选中发挥重要作用.(图2表8参92)

The majority of chemical synthesis uses organic solvents that are harmful to the environment. If an enzyme is used as the biocatalyst, the organic solvent has limited or no use in the chemical synthesis reaction;thus, the use of an enzyme as a catalyst is more environment-friendly. With the development of metagenomics and the decrease in the cost of next generation sequencing, biocatalysts based on metagenomics have become the most important products in chemical synthesis reactions. This study reviewed the various methods for discovering biocatalysts based on metagenomics and summarized the various screening methods currently used worldwide. Two major methods were discovered: one is a screening method based on metagenomic libraries and the other is a sequence-based genetic screening method. These two methods were subdivided into seven specific screening methods. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods were reviewed, and the various methods based on metagenomics for screening biocatalysts were statistically analyzed. The phenotypic screening method was the most commonly used method and has great practical value. The direct next generation sequencing method for bioinformatics screening is also a potential screening method. Finally, the prospects for the future development of biocatalyst screening based on metagenomics were forecasted, with third generation sequencing technology expected to play an important role in the screening of biocatalysts based on metagenomics.