共城三题

Three Issues on Gongcheng Site

共城遗址是位于河南辉县市区的一处重要遗址,面积约165万平方米,先后发现了东周时期城墙、夯土基址、冶铁遗址和大量墓葬等,其内涵之齐备和丰富在东周时期的一般城址中较为少见。1994年对共城遗址南城墙的发掘表明,城墙修筑于战国中晚期,具有夯土为表、填土为里的复合式结构。本文认为,共城城墙应是先修筑了外侧的夯土城墙,相隔一段时间之后再修筑内侧的夯土城墙,并用填土将两道城墙连为一体。城墙的独特结构可能是基于筑城效率、军事防御和洪水预防等多方面考虑的创造性发明,在我国古代筑城史中是至今所见最早的一例。南城墙中还发现了坑道遗迹,应是《墨子·备城门》中记载的"轒輼"之类攻城方法留下的遗迹,为研究战国时期激烈的城市攻防战提供了难得的实例,此类遗迹在东周时期还是首次发现。

The Gongcheng site is an important Eastern Zhou dynasty site located in Huixian,Henan province.It covers an area of 1.65 million square meters where city walls,foundations of rammed earth,remains of iron manufacture and a large number of tombs have been unearthed;such abundant discoveries are rare in city sites contemporary.The excavation of its southern city wall in 1994 showed that the city wall was built in the middle and late period of the Warring States which had a composite structure with surfaces of rammed earth and earth fill inside.This article points out that the outer rammed-earth wall was built first and the inner after a while;then the two sides were connected by filling earth.The unique structure of the city wall might be an innovative creation for building efficiency,military defense and flood prevention and was the earliest example in Chinese history of city building.Also discovered in the southern city wall were remains of tunnels,which might be left after battles of city attacking such as Fen Wen [轒輼] mentioned in Mozi [《墨子》].The remains were good evidence for the study of the city conquest battle during the Warring States period and were first of the kind in Eastern Zhou sites.