“泛教”、“泛智”与“终身学校”:论夸美纽斯教育思想与德国学校教育学的关联

“Pampadia”, “Pansophia” and “Life-Long Schooling”: A Discussion on Relevance of the Educational Thoughts of Comenius and School Pedagogy in Germany

捷克伟大教育家夸美纽斯,通过著作《大教学论》《世界图解》《人类改进通论·泛教论》《泛智学校》系统地阐述了泛教、泛智、终身学校的教育思想,提出"把一切事物教给一切人类",奠定了"教育普及"思想的理论基础。"人人均可受教"的泛教思想与德国教化思想之间联系紧密,集中体现在教育普遍化与普通教化、自然性教学原则与人性的自我解放、全面整体发展与和谐发展,对德国普通教学论的发展影响深远。"泛智"的课程思想奠定了德国学校课程发展的基础,自PISA震动后,以能力为导向的学校课程开始实施,以往普通教学论逐渐向专业教学论转向。分析当今"终身学习"下的教学,依然可以找寻与"终身学校"设想之间的关联。重新审视夸美纽斯思想与德国学校教育学之间的关联,意义重大。

The greater educator of Czech, Jan Amos Comenius, published several classic didactical publications, including Didactica Magana (Great Didactics), Orbis sensualium pictus, Pampaedia and Schola pansophica. He illustrated his thoughts of “the general education,”“the allencompassing education,” and “lifelong schooling,”to put forward his didactics “Teaching all Things to all Men.” His educational thoughts established the theoretical basis of general Didaktik. Pampaedia has a close relationship) with the educational concept of Bildung in Germany, which includes educational generalization and general Bildung, the principle of natural teaching and self-liberation, comprehensive development and harmonious development, having a profound influence on German general Didaktik. The thoughts of Pansophica have established the basis for school-based curriculum in Germany. After the PISA shock, competence-oriented school currciulum has been acted;the genereal Didaktik has switched to the research on subject-matter didactics. Analyzing the present development of German school pedagogy, we could still find the relationship between “lifelong learning” and “lifelong schooling”. Therefore, it has great significance to re-think the historical relevance between Comenius, educational thoughts and German school pedagogy.