Furlow腭成形术治疗腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的临床疗效

Effectiveness of Furlow palatoplasty in velopharyngeal insufficiency after cleft palate surgery

目的探讨采用Furlow腭成形术在腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全(velopharyngeal insufficiency,VPI)整复中的应用价值。方法 2015年8月—2017年1月,采用Furlow腭成形术治疗48例腭裂术后VPI患者。男29例,女19例;年龄4～17岁,平均6.1岁。不完全性腭裂16例,完全性腭裂32例;软腭裂16例,软硬腭裂32例。腭裂手术至该次手术时间为3～13年,平均5.9年。患者均伴有明显过高鼻音,且鼻漏气明显。电子鼻咽纤维内窥镜评估腭咽闭合程度均为Ⅲ级。记录手术时间、术中出血量,术前及术毕时分别测量腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度、咽腭弓宽度,并计算手术前后差值。术后3个月,临床评估腭咽闭合程度,分为腭咽闭合完全(velopharyngeal competence,VPC)、边缘性腭咽闭合(marginal velopharyngeal inadequacy,MVPI)、VPI;摄头颅定位侧位X线片评价软腭及咽后壁关系,分为完全接触、点接触及无接触;电子鼻咽纤维内窥镜检查评估腭咽闭合程度(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级)。对腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度、咽腭弓宽度手术前后差值的相关性采用Spearman分析;分别对软腭及咽后壁接触程度及腭咽闭合程度进行分组,对上述指标进行统计学分析。结果手术时间35～64 min,平均41 min;术中出血量3～10 mL,平均6 mL。患者均获随访3个月。术后3个月,临床评估腭咽闭合程度为VPC 34例、MVPI 7例、VPI 7例;头颅定位侧位X线片示,软腭与咽后壁完全接触30例、点接触11例、无接触7例;电子鼻咽纤维内窥镜检查示,腭咽闭合功能均有不同程度改善,Ⅰ级29例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级7例。手术前后腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度和咽腭弓宽度比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,手术前后腭总长度差值与软腭长度差值成正相关(r=0.448,P=0.001)。VPC、MVPI、VPI组腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度手术前后差值组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);咽腭弓宽度手术前后差值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。完全接触、点接触及无接触组腭总长度、软腭长度手术前后差值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);咽腔深度及咽腭弓宽度手术前后差值比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用Furlow腭成形术行腭裂术后VPI整复,可有效延长软腭,减小咽腔深度,恢复腭咽闭合的生理解剖形态,显著改善腭咽闭合功能。

Objective To explore the application value of Furlow palatoplasty in reconstruction of velopharyngeal insufficiency(VPI) after cleft palate surgery. Methods Between August 2015 and January 2017, 48 patients with VPI after cleft palate surgery were treated with Furlow palatoplasty. There were 29 males and 19 females, aged from4 to 17 years(mean, 6.1 years). There were 16 cases of incomplete cleft palate and 32 cases of complete cleft palate;and 16 cases of soft cleft palate and 32 cases of soft and hard cleft palate. The interval between first cleft palate surgery and Furlow palatoplasty was 3 to 13 years(mean, 5.9 years). The patients were accompanied by significant open rhinolalia and nasal leakage. The degree of velopharyngeal closure assessed by electronic nasopharyngeal fiberoptic endoscopy was grade Ⅲ.The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. The total length of palate, the length of soft palate, the depth of pharyngeal cavity, and the width of pharynx and palate arch were measured before operation and at immediate after operation, and the change of the above indexes before and after operation was calculated. According to the results of clinical assessment, the patients were allocated into three groups: velopharyngeal competence(VPC) group, marginal velopharyngeal inadequacy(MVPI) group, and VPI group. The relationship between the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall was evaluated by lateral cephalometric radiographs at 3 months after operation, and the patients were allocated into complete contact group, point contact group, and non-contact group. The velopharyngeal closure was evaluated by electronic nasopharyngeal fiberoptic endoscopy(grade Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ). Spearman analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the changes of the total length of palate, the length of soft palate, the depth of pharyngeal cavity, and the width of pharynx and palate arch before and after operation. The contact degree of soft palate and posterior pharyngeal wall and the closure degree of pharynx and palate were grouped separately, and the above indexes were analyzed statistically. Results The operation time was 35-64 minutes(mean, 41 minutes);the intraoperative blood loss was 3-10 mL(mean, 6 mL). All patients were followed up 3 months. After 3 months of operation, the clinical evaluation results were 34 cases of VPC, 7 cases of MVPI, and 7 cases of VPI. Lateral cephalometric radiographs showed that 30 cases had complete contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall, 11 cases had point contact, and 7 cases had no contact. Electronic nasopharyngeal fiberoptic endoscopy showed that the pharyngeal closure function was improved to varying degrees, 29 cases of grade Ⅰ, 12 cases of grade Ⅱ, and 7 cases of grade Ⅲ. There were significant differences in the total length of palate, the length of soft palate, the depth of pharyngeal cavity, and the width of pharynx and palate arch between pre-and post-operation(P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed a correlation between the change in the total length of palate before and after operation and the change in the length of soft palate(r=0.448, P=0.001). There were significant differences in the changes of total length of palate, the length soft palate, and the depth of pharyngeal cavity before and after operation between VPC, MVPI, and VPI groups(P<0.05);and there was no significant difference in the change of the width of pharynx and palate arch before and after operation between groups(P>0.05). There were significant differences in the changes of total length of palate and the length soft palate before and after operation between complete contact, point contact, and non-contact groups(P<0.05);and there was no significant difference in the change of the depth of pharyngeal cavity and the width of pharynx and palate arch before and after operation between groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Furlow palatoplasty can restore the VPI after cleft palate surgery, which can effectively prolong the soft palate and reduce the depth of the pharynx. It can cover the physiological and anatomical morphology of velopharyngeal closure significantly and improve the velopharyngeal function.