澳门赌场中的三合会犯罪:法外治理与企业经营

Triad Organized Crime in Macao Casinos:Extra-Legal Governance and Entrepreneurship

华人三合会正沿着两种路径发展:结构化的地域性三合会和企业家创建的三合会犯罪集团。本文基于三合会对澳门赌场贵宾厅的掌控情况,探究这两种路径自1999年中国恢复行使澳门主权后的交融发展。研究表明,目前赌场中介业务的运营状况取决于中国内地的外部商业环境,但赌场贵宾厅的经济仍为三合会所垄断。新型赌博和犯罪形式的出现满足了高端赌客的需要,同时也促使了"三合会治理—企业"混合模式的形成。该模式包括以地域性和暴力名声为特征的法外治理和灵活的小企业经营。

The Chinese criminal underworld is evolving along two paths: structural and territorial-based triads and criminal groups formed by entrepreneurs. The present study used triad involvement in casino VIP rooms to examine how these two paths cross after China resumed sovereignty of Macao in 1999. It was found that although the current operations of the junket business is determined by the external business environment in China's Mainland,triads continue to treat the VIP rooms as economic territories. New forms of betting and crime have emerged to meet the needs of high-end gamblers,thus resulting in the formation of a triad-enterprise hybrid that comprises territoriality and reputation of violence commonly found in extra-legal governance and the dynamic entrepreneurship of small firms.