身体意识与时空观念性——早期康德的形而上学批判

Bodily Consciousness and the Ideality of Space-Time——Kant's Early Critique of Metaphysics

康德的时空观念性理论是其批判哲学的基础,但它起源于前批判时期康德对传统形而上学的批判,尤其是对它的方法的批判。在这种方法批判中,康德区分了数学的综合方法与哲学的分析方法,并指出传统形而上学的谬误之处就在于模仿数学的综合方法来构造自己的基本概念,而分析的方法则要求必须从内在的经验和直接的意识出发去阐明哲学的基本概念。同时,康德把身体表象视为这样一种直接意识和内在经验,并借助它来展开形而上学的批判。在就职论文中,虽然康德把空间关系还原为时间关系从而将空间视为心灵的产物,但在《纯粹理性批判》和晚期笔记中康德修正了这一点,从而展示了身体意识在时空观念性理论中的在场。

Kant s theory of the ideality of space and time is the foundation of his critical philosophy, but it originates from Kant s pre-critical Critique of traditional metaphysics and its methods in specific. About the methods, Kant distinguishes between the synthetical methods of mathematics and the analytical methods of philosophy. Then he points out that the fallacy of traditional metaphysics is rooted in its imitation of the method of mathematics, namely, to form its fundamental concepts through synthetical methods. However, analytical methods of philosophy require us to elucidate fundamental philosophical concepts through internal experience and direct consciousness. Meanwhile, Kant regards bodily representation as direct consciousness and internal experience and then carries out his Critique through it. Although Kant reduces space relation to temporal relation in the Inaugural Dissertation, and regards space as the product of the mind, he will amend this point in Critique of Pure Reason and notes in his later years, which indicates the presence of bodily consciousness in his theory of the ideality of space and time.