反预期与事实性——以“合理性”语句为例

Counter-expectation and factivity: A case study on “reasonable” sentences

大量的语料调查证明,"应该/该/必须XP"类句子的事实性是语用上的倾向性。当条件和结果之间具有较大条件概率时,存在语义和谐关系。在回溯时,说话者倾向于按照不和谐的方向进行自反预期的解读,以获得高的信息价值,此时肯定情态下句子会得到反事实解读,否定情态下句子会得到事实解读。不过,在特殊的"双重反预期"语篇中,说话者会按照和谐的方向进行回溯,其目的是为了纠正前面的一个意外,从而表示强调(他反预期)。

Based on an investigation of massive corpus data,this article discusses whether the counterfactual reading of "reasonable" sentences,that is,sentences with " yinggai (应该)/gai (该)/ bixu (不许) XP" are mandatory,and what is the speech value of "modality+past tense",why this combination would cause counter-factuality,and how it can be removed.The results show that most "reasonable" sentences have a strong tendency of self-counter-expectation especially in negative contexts while a few have the tendency of counter-expectation for others.This is assumed to be caused by two factors,semantic harmony and dual counter-expectations.When there is a high conditional probability between the condition and the result,semantic harmonious relationship can be found.When backtracking,the speaker tends to have the counter-expectation interpretation in the direction of disharmony to obtain high information value.Meanwhile,affirmative sentences with modality tend to get a counterfactual reading while negative sentences with modality tend to be interpreted factive.However,in the context of "dual counter-expectations",the speaker would backtrack in the direction of harmony in order to rectify the previous mirativity,thus indicating emphasis (counter-expectation for others).This leads to the conclusion that factive reading of sentences with " yinggai / gai / bixu XP" tends to be pragmatic inference.