族群边界、权力介入与制度化——卢旺达族群关系的历史变迁及其政治逻辑

Ethnic Boundaries, Power Intervention and Institutionalization: The Historical Changes of the Relations between Ethnic Groups in Rwanda and their Political Logic

跨国民族现象在非洲较为普遍。卢旺达人因历史、经济、政治等方面的原因,在周边国家多有跨界生活。种族大屠杀后,卢旺达政府消解了境内族群边界,但跨界卢旺达人仍常常成为卢旺达及其周边国家进行政治谈判的筹码,甚至引发政治外交危机和冲突。卢旺达最初的群体分类与现代族群观念不完全契合,图西人、胡图人是一种基于贵贱的人为“圈划”。在卢旺达族群历史变迁中,政治势力操纵深刻影响了图西人和胡图人族群边界的形成、维系与消解。卢旺达的族群政治遵循“权力——制度——权力”的逻辑变迁。18世纪、19世纪末、1935年是卢旺达族群边界确立的三个重要历史节点。禁牛令、乌布哈克制度、乌布孔德制度、强迫劳动制度、族群身份证制度、配额制度是卢旺达族群边界的维持手段。强有力的权力介入使制度成形,既可固化,也可消解族群边界。卢旺达政府1994年后的族群政策有其特殊时空背景,普适性有限,但对于其他非洲国家处理自身族群和跨界族群问题具有启发意义。

Cross-border ethnic groups are universal in Africa.Due to historical,economic,political and other reasons,Rwandans cross border and live in neighboring countries.After the genocide,the Rwandan government dissolved the ethnic boundaries,but cross-border Rwandans became the bargaining chip for political negotiations between Rwanda and its neighboring countries at intervals,and even triggered political,diplomatic crises and conflicts.The original group classification in Rwanda is not completely compatible with the concept of modern ethnic groups.Tutsi and Hutu are a kind of operational closure based on the standard of the honorable and the humble.The manipulation of political forces has profoundly affected the formation,maintenance and dissolution of the ethnic boundaries.The flux of ethnic politics in Rwanda follows the logic of “power-institutions-power”.The 18th century,the end of the 19th century, and the year of 1935 were the three important historical periods for the forming or reestablishment of the ethnic boundaries in Rwanda.The ban on cattle-herding, Ubuhake,Ubukonde,Uburetwa ,the ethnic identity card system,and the quota system are the means of maintaining the ethnic boundaries.Strong power interventions shape out the institutions,which can solidify the ethnic boundaries,but also can eliminate them.The ethnic policy of the Rwandan government after 1994 worked out in the special background,and its universality is limited,but it is instructive for other African countries to deal with the issues of their own ethnic groups and cross-border ethnic groups.