法学知识“去苏俄化”的表达与实质——以刑法学为分析重点

The Expression and Essence of De-Sovietization in Chinese Legal Studies:Focusing on the Criminal Law

摒除苏联的影响是改革开放后法学各学科发展的重要趋势,通常认为“去苏俄化”有助于推动学术与政治的分离,最终实现学术的科学化、中立化。本文以刑法学为对象进行分析,发现“去苏俄化”并未实现去政治化,而是接受了另一种形式的政治逻辑。无论是罪刑法定的基本原则、三阶层的犯罪构成学说,还是刑法教义学的思维方法,背后都隐含着自由主义关于私权至上、“公权力是恶的”等基本假定。这种知识转型不仅关乎学术和逻辑,还涉及历史,更是政治问题,“去苏俄化”是世界局势变化的附随结果,与美国化、西方化是一枚硬币的两个面向;这种学术思潮对中国法学界产生了重大影响,由此改变了共和国前三十年间法学界以苏联为师的进路。对“去苏俄化”的研究,是理解法学知识代际综合的开端,也是中国的法学研究迈向成熟必然要处理的知识重构命题。

Eliminating the impact of the former Soviet Union has been an important trend in legal studies after the Reform and Openness."De-Sovietization"has been considered as a way of de-politicization in the academic sector,helping towards a value-free approach and the scientific development.After analyzing the status quo in criminal law studies,this article contends that de-Sovietization means acceptance of an alternative type of political discourse rather than rejection of politics altogether.Both the principles of statutory crime and penalty and the dogmatic of criminal law assume the basic hypotheses typical of liberal legal thoughts,such as the supremacy of civil rights,the evil of the public power,etc.The pre-requisitions of liberalism have been taken for granted among most legal researchers.De-Sovietization in legal studies was not only an academic phenomenon,but also had historical and political connections.The transition from Sovietization to liberalism,in some sense,was a side-effect of the collapse of the Soviet Union in the later 1980s,and Westernization or Americanization made up the other side of the coin.De-Sovietization and liberalism mark a cornerstone in Chinese legal studies in the new era and the beginning of intergenerational synthesis in legal knowledge.