云南省剑川县2008—2017年鼠疫疫源地不同生境小型兽类群落多样性特征

Community diversity characteristics of small mammals in plage natural focus of Jianchuan County, Yunnan, 2008-2017

目的掌握剑川县鼠疫疫源地不同生境小型兽类的构成及群落多样性特征,为制定鼠疫防控措施提供科学依据。方法 2008—2017年间,在剑川县按鼠疫监测方案分室内、园地、耕地和灌木丛四种生境进行鼠疫监测,捕获小型兽类,根据形态学特征对小型兽类进行种类鉴定。用群落生态学方法计算小型兽类的构成及群落多样性指数。结果剑川县共捕获小型兽类4目7科16属22种19929只,平均捕获率在7.22%～11.17%之间。室内以褐家鼠和小家鼠为优势种,园地、耕地、灌木丛3种生境以齐氏姬鼠和大绒鼠为优势种。4种生境的多样性指数在1.0364～1.2915之间;均匀性指数在0.1259～0.2076之间;优势度指数在0.3593～0.4387之间;丰富度指数在1.2439～2.0996之间。群落相似性比较结果,耕地与灌木丛、灌木丛与园地、耕地与园地为极相似,室内与园地、室内与耕地、室内与灌木丛为中等不相似。结论剑川县小型兽类室内以褐家鼠和小家鼠为优势种,园地、耕地、灌木丛3种生境以齐氏姬鼠和大绒鼠为优势种。群落多样性分析充分印证室内和室外的鼠疫防治措施和评价指标的区别对待,应根据不同生境不同多样性提出预警和措施,室内生境使用云南家鼠鼠疫防控策略,园地、耕地和灌木丛3种生境采用野鼠鼠疫的监测、预警和防控策略。

Objective To investigate the composition and community diversity of small mammals in different habitats of plague foci in Jianchuan Countyin Yunnan Province in 2008-2017,and to provide scientific basis for formulating plague prevention and control measures.Methods Between 2008 and 2017,Jianchuan County monitored the plague in four environmental conditions:indoor,garden,cultivated land and shrub according to the plague monitoring program.The small mammals captured were identified according to their morphological characteristics.The structure,diversity index,evenness index,dominance index and richness index were calculated with method of community ecology.Results A total of 19 929 small mammals of 22 species were captured,which belonged 16 genera,7 families and 4 orders.The average capture rates ranged from 7.22% to 11.17%.Rattas norvegicus and Mus musculus were predominating species in indoor.Apodemus chevrieri and Eothenomys miletus were predominating species in gardens,cultivated lands and shrub.The results of 4 different ecological habitats analysis on diversity of small mammal communities showed that Shannon-Wiener diversity index were 1.036 4-1.291 5;Pielou evenness index were 0.125 9-0.207 6;Simpson dominance index were 0.359 3-0.438 7;Margalef richness index were 1.243 9-2.099 6.The comparative result of similarity index of community showed that cultivated lands and shrub,shrubs and gardens,cultivated landsand gardens shared the high similarity.The indoors and gardens,indoors and cultivated lands,indoors and shrubs shared medium dissimilarity.Conclusion Rattas norvegicus and Mus musculus were predominating species in indoor.Apodemus chevrieri and Eothenomys miletus were predominating species in gardens,cultivated lands and shrubs.The community diversity analogy conformed that the plague prevention measurements and evaluation indexes especially outdoor and indoor should be discriminated.The measurements and early warning should be proposed in different living environment and community.In detail,the plague prevention and control strategies of house mouse are taken in indoor living environments.In opposite,in outdoor condition of garden,cultivated land and the shrubs,the plague prevention and control strategies of wild rats are considered more.