考虑降雨作用的气温升高对多年冻土活动层水热影响机制

Mechanism of climate warming on thermal-moisture dynamics of active permafrost layer considering effect of rainfall

近50 a青藏高原暖湿化趋势显著,水热边界条件的改变必然影响多年冻土的稳定性和高原生态环境的演变。已有研究主要关注气候升温对冻土温度场的影响,而对升温过程伴随的活动层水分变化研究较少。基于土壤-地表-大气水分和能量平衡的冻土水-汽-热耦合模型,以青藏高原北麓河地区2013年实测气象资料为模型驱动数据,研究在降雨不变,气温不变、气温升高1℃和升高2℃情况下活动层水热响应机制与过程。结果表明:气候升温通过改变地表能量与水分平衡过程和土壤内部水热运移分量影响多年冻土水热过程。气温升高引起地表净辐射、蒸发潜热和土壤热通量增大,而地表降雨入渗和感热通量减少;气温升高会降低土壤含水率和土壤导水系数,但温度梯度及与温度梯度相关的水分和能量分量相应增大,而与水势梯度相关的水分和能量分量相对减少;升温对土壤温度场的影响比水分场明显,影响范围也更深;随着气温升高,地表蒸发量和活动层厚度增大,气温升高加速了冻土的退化过程,与降雨增加对冻土的热稳定性影响相反。

There is an obvious trend of climate warming and wetting on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past fifty years. Climate changes in air temperature or precipitation will inevitably influence the stability of permafrost. Previous studies mainly focus on the thermal influence of climate warming, but little is known about the induced rainfall infiltration and the hydrothermal response mechanism. Based on the meteorological data observed at Beiluhe observation station during 2013, the established water-vapor-heat transport model is used to predict the response under 1℃ and 2 ℃ increment of temperature, which considering the influences of rainfall. Climate change influences the thermal-moisture of permafrost mainly by changing the surface energy budget and soil hydrothermal transport components. The results show that climate warming greatly increased the surface net radiation, latent heat of evaporation and soil heat flux, decreased the sensible heat and rainfall infiltration. The rising air temperature reduces the soil moisture and soil hydraulic conductivity. Temperature gradient increases dramatically with temperature arising, further increases the moisture and energy components and reduces the components related to the water potential gradient. Climate warming increases the surface evaporation and thickness of active layer and accelerates the degradation of permafrost, which is contrary to the thermal effects of rainfall increasing.