近两百年前的宁波方言韵母系统及其演变特征

The Final System of Ningbo Dialect in Near Two Hundred Years Ago and Its Evolution Features

清代宁波镇海吴善述《二十三母土音表》以韵图的形式、以符号说明的方式,对土音与正音进行了细致的比较和辨析。论文以韵图列字为基础,通过对相关说明及韵图列字符号进行综合考察,参考作者的另一部稿本韵书《音韵书图》,归纳了《二十三母土音表》所记录反映的实际语音(即土音)韵母系统,并将其所反映的韵母系统特征归纳为20条。通过与现代宁波、镇海方言的比较,可以确认,《二十三母土音表》真实记录反映了近两百年前宁波地区方言的韵母语音特征。在此基础上,将《二十三母土音表》实际语音韵母系统与现代宁波、镇海方言进行了比较,归纳了近两百年来宁波地区方言韵母演变的基本特征,如山咸摄鼻韵尾的丢失,与阴声韵归并;入声韵大量归并;臻摄合口三等与通摄合流;同一韵母因声母不同而产生分化,如山咸摄开口一等见组与晓组韵母分化等。

Ershisan Mu Tuyin Biao,written by Wu Shanshu,a scholar in Zhenhai,Ningbo of the Qing dynasty,made a detailed comparison and analysis between the dialect and the standard sound system in the form of rhyme tables and symbols.On the basis of analyzing the characters listed in rhyme tables,and referring to the author's other manuscript rhyme book Yinyun Shutu,this paper summarizes the actual final system and its origin recorded in the Ershisan Mu Tuyin Biao,and summarizes the characteristics of the final system as 20 items.By comparing with modem Ningbo and Zhenhai dialects,we can confirm that the actual final system recorded in the Ershisan Mu Tuyin Biao reflects the phonetic features of Ningbo dialects nearly 200 years ago.On this basis,the paper compares the actual final system of the Ershisan Mu Tuyin Biao with the modem Ningbo and Zhenhai dialects,and sums up the basic characteristics of the evolution of the final system in Ningbo dialects in the past two hundred years,such as the lose of the syllabic ending of nasal rhyme before it's merging with yin rhymes,the merging of most entering finals and the Merging of the third grade with rounded articulation of zhen rhyme groups and tong rhyme groups.On the other hand,there is also a phenomenon that the same final is differentiated because of the different consonant combination relationship,such as the final differentiation between velar and guttural of first grade group in shan and xian rhyme groups.