近代汉语“吃”字被动式兴衰的原因

The Five–Dimensional Research Method in Historical Syntax of Chinese

“吃”字被动式的兴起和消亡,是近代汉语史上的一件大事。迄今为止,对这一被动式的产生过程已有充分的研究,然而尚不清楚它消亡的原因。文章由三个主要部分构成:(一)因为受不同时代语法整体系统的影响,虽然“吃”和“被”的语法化途径相似,但是它们一开始就具有不同的语法功能;(二)重构“吃”的语法化过程,确立其语法化程度的形式标准;(三)从汉语语法演化的规律、被动构式的发展趋势、现代方言被动标记的词汇来源等方面,探讨“吃”字被动式消亡的原因。本文的主要观点为,宋元兴起的“吃”字式和此前业已存在的“被”字式有悖于汉语语法演化的大趋势,它们语法化的途径和功能与当时汉语语法的整体系统不相符,所以在清代以后开始走向衰落,在口语中逐渐被新兴的“叫”字和“让”字被动式所取代。

It was an important event in early modem Chinese that chi passive construction emerged and disappeared.Thus far,the grammaticalization process of this passive form has received many attentions,but the reason for its disappearance still remains unknown,which is the focus of this paper.The grammaticalization path and the grammatical function of the passive marker gei,including those of the preexisting marker bei,were not suitable for the trend of the evolution of the grammar as a whole,and therefore they were eventually replaced by the new markers jiao and rang in spoken language.The present research consists of three main parts:(a)although both of them grammaticalized from the‘suffer'verbs,bei and chi had different functions in introducing agent nouns because of the different overall features of the grammars of the different periods when they grammaticalized.(b)the detailed grammaticalization process has been reconstructed on the basis of the empirical data,(c)the reasons resulting in the disappearance of the chi construction include the evolutionary trend of the language,the developmental direction of the passive forms,and the contemporary dialectal evidence of the Chinese language.