2015年西藏自治区农村环境卫生现状及成因分析

An Analysis of Current Situation and Causes of Environmental Sanitation in Rural Areas of Tibet, 2015

目的通过观察农村卫生厕所、生活污水排放、垃圾的收集处理、土壤寄生虫(蛔虫)检出率、环境卫生管理制度等指标,评价2015年西藏农村环境卫生状况以及潜在的危害因素。方法通过资料查询、访谈、样品采集、实验室检测以及调查表格填报等分析粪便无害化处理对改变现阶段广大农牧区环境卫生状况、降低农牧民寄生虫病的感染率及发病率。结果共收集55 282户,非卫生厕所51 152户,达到92.5%;垃圾产生来源为日常生活,通过集中收集后覆土填埋或直接焚烧(非焚烧炉),其中垃圾箱收集占比67.7%;生活污水调查1 975户,随意排放率达71.9%,直接排入农田者占比14.8%;在395个有效监测点中,土壤蛔虫卵检出率为14.8%。卫生厕所普及率低、粪便无害化处理不当、生活垃圾生活污水的收集处理不当等因素所造成的农村环境堪忧,对本就薄弱的生态环境、人群健康状况造成极高的风险。结论必须坚持长期持续开展农村环境卫生监测,加大宣传力度;努力探索、发现适合西藏特点的粪便无害化处理方法、生活污水及垃圾的收集处理的措施;尽早根除不良的卫生习惯,以促进良好生态、维持健康的生产生活条件、保障农牧民群众切身利益。

Objectives To evaluate the environmental health status and potential hazard factors in rural areas of Tibet in 2015 by observing indicators such as rural sanitary toilets, domestic sewage discharge, waste collection and treatment, soil parasite(roundworm) detection rate, and environmental sanitation management system. Methods Data inquiry, interview, sample collection, laboratory test and survey form filling were used to analyze the effects of harmless disposal of feces on improving the environmental health status of agricultural and pastoral areas and reducing the infection rate and morbidity of parasitic diseases of farmers and herdsmen. Results In this year’s survey, there were 55 282 households with 51 152 non-sanitary toilets, which reached 92.5%. Wastes are generated from daily life. It is collected centrally and then buried in landfills or directly burnt(not in incinerators). Among them, waste collection accounts for 67.7%. The domestic sewage was interviewed in 1 975 households, the random discharge rate was 71.9%, and 14.8% of which was directly discharged into the farmland;the detection rate of ascaris eggs in soil was 14.8% among the 395 effective monitoring sites. The rural environment caused by factors such as low penetration rate of sanitary toilets, improper disposal of feces, improper collection and treatment of household wastes and domestic sewage, etc., is worrying, which poses a high risk to the weak ecological environment and the health status of the population. Conclusions It is necessary to carry out the rural environmental health monitoring in a long term and strengthen the propaganda. Efforts have to be made to explore and find out the methods of harmless disposal of feces and the measures for the collection and treatment of domestic sewage and wastes that are suitable for the characteristics of Tibet. We should eradicate unhealthy health practices as soon as possible to promote a sound ecology, maintain healthy production and living conditions, and protect the vital interests of farmers and herdsmen.