价值链分工下的中美劳动要素收入与要素质量比较研究

A Comparative Study of Labor Factor Income and Factor Quality Effect in China and the United States Based on Value Chain Division of Labor

在价值链分工下的贸易利益越来越表现为参与分工的要素收入。中国已经成为全球最大的增加值出口国,但其增加值规模是否与贸易利益相匹配是值得关注的问题。对此,选取美国作为主要的对比和参照国,对中国参与价值链分工的劳动要素收入进行研究,构建了基于增加值核算的要素收入分配模型对中美两国的劳动要素收入进行了测算,并利用HSDA方法对影响劳动要素收入变动的要素质量进行重点分析。结果发现:中国虽为增加值出口规模最大的国家,但其贸易利益远低于美国;在价值链分工下的中国要素收益更多地表现为资本要素收益,而美国则表现为劳动要素收入;中国与美国的单位劳动收入差距不断地扩大,细分技能后发现,中国与美国在高、中、低技能劳动要素收入之间均呈现收入差距拉大;要素质量已经成为影响劳动要素收入增长的主要因素,中美之间劳动要素收入差距主要由要素质量导致。

Under the division of labor in value chain,the trade interests are more and more reflected in the income of the elements participating in the division of labor. China has become the largest value-added exporter in the world,but whether its value-added scale matches trade interests is a matter of concern. In this regard,this paper chooses the United States as the object of contrast and reference to study China’s labor factor income participating in the value chain division. This paper constructs a labor income distribution model based on value-added accounting to measure the labor income of China and the United States,and uses HSDA method to focus on the quality of factors that bring about the change of labor income. The results of this study show that although the largest value-added exporter,China’s trade benefit is far below that of the United States. Under the value chain division of labor,China’s labor income is more represented by capital income,while that of the United States is represented by labor factor income. The gap continues to expand between China and the United States in unit labor income,and after subdividing skills,it is found that the income gap is widened between China and the United States in high,medium and low skilled labor factor income. Factor quality has become the main factor affecting the growth of labor factor income,and the labor income gap between China and the United States is mainly caused by factor quality.