民国初年地方政府的权力变动——以江苏县官人事嬗递为例的考察

Power Change of Local Government in Early Republic of China: Based on Transformation of County Officers in Jiangsu Province

民国初年是近代中国地方官制转型的关键时期,县级长官的人事构成经历了几轮变动,影响地方政局的权力机制也随之多次发生改变。江苏的光复是在革命党、士绅与前清旧官僚的合作下完成的,整个革命过程相对平缓,在这种局面下,江苏各县第一任民政长仍以清代旧官吏为主。不过这种权力格局很快发生改易,由于中央政府无力控制地方及地方自治观念的盛行,县官多由地方议会选举产生,江苏本地士绅在围绕县署权力的博弈中成为最大赢家,本省籍绅商取代清代旧官吏成为县级长官的主体构成。二次革命被镇压后,袁世凯控制了江苏,并采取了一系列措施来加强中央集权,受此影响,江苏本省籍县知事很快被经过中央县知事试验的外省籍官员所取代。江苏这一时期的县官人事变动展现了1912到1916年间地方权力格局变动的总体趋势。

The Revolution of 1911 broke the orignial local order,which brought the change of personnel in the counties. In Jiangsu Province,early after the Revolution,the county officers were still dominated by the old officials in the Qing Dynasty. However,due to the weak central control and the development of local autonomy,the county officers were replaced by the local elites. By the time of the Second Revolution,the situation changed again. Due to the administrative centralization of central government,the county officers of Jiangsu Province were replaced by the officials who had passed the county officers’ examination from other provinces.Thus,the power structure change in the early Republic of China can be seen a bit.