藏缅语人称代词格范畴的类型分析——兼以反观上古汉语人称代词格范畴

Typological analysis of case categories of personal pronouns in Tibeto-Burman languages and the case categories of personal pronouns in Old Chinese

文章通过34种藏缅语人称代词格范畴的描写分析,指出藏缅语人称代词格范畴大体存在3种类型:分析式;分析式兼屈折式;粘着式。这3种形式中,第二种形式使用最多,反映了藏缅语人称代词格范畴3种类型并存、发展不平衡的状态。并对各种类型进行定位,指出藏缅语人称代词格范畴在不同语言中发展不平衡,存在层次性的特点,但其类型主要是分析式,兼有屈折式和粘着式,而有的语言的粘着式和屈折式来自词汇的连音音变,是由分析式到屈折式的"逆向演变"。在此基础上,通过藏缅语反观上古汉语,指出上古汉语已经是分析型语言,缺少形态变化,藏缅语北部语言人称代词格范畴保留较多的形态变化,可以看作上古汉语的前身。

By describing and analyzing the case categories of personal pronouns in 34 Tibeto-Burman dialects, this paper classifies three types of cases of personal pronouns in Tibeto-Burman languages: analytical, analytical and inflectional, and adhesive. Among these three types, the second one is the most frequently used. This indicates the coexistence and unbalanced development of the above-mentioned three types. This paper also defines all possible types of cases of personal pronouns in Tibeto-Burman languages and points out that the case categories of these personal pronouns are not the same and have hierarchical characteristics among different Tibeto-Burman languages. However, the main type is analytical, while the supplementary are inflectional and adhesive. In some Tibeto-Burman languages, the inflectional and adhesive forms are derived from the changes in the lexical liaison, which is the "reverse evolution" from the analytical to the inflectional. On this basis, this paper explores the relevant features of Old Chinese. It points out that Old Chinese has been identified as an analytical language, lacking morphological changes. The case categories of personal pronouns of the northern Tibeto-Burman languages retain more morphological changes, which can be regarded as the predecessor of Old Chinese.