何为遗民——宋元以降夷夏视阈下的易代士人研究

A Study on Scholars Going through Dynastic Change from the Song-Yuan Period Onwards

中外学者都注意到近世以来易代士人的特殊与重要,也早就暗示了"遗民"定义本质上存在的模糊问题。在文史学者一致努力下,遗民研究成果丰硕,遗民行为的复杂、与时俱进以及背后不易察觉的文化、思想因素也得到关注。显然,易代之际的士人,呈现于外的往往是政治选择,并非其生活与精神上的束缚。相较于明清之际的研究发展,宋元明易代士人的研究取径,明显聚焦于华夷、忠君、道统观下的政治抉择与学术焦虑,并乐于采用"遗民"分类的研究方法,以探讨士人出处动向的种种意义。剖析孙克宽、牟复礼、谢慧贤和戴仁柱等学者影响广泛的成果,能够发现这样的取径与方法早已面临严重局限与发展困境,故应驻足反思,走出"何为遗民"的框架,再次推进易代士人研究的新样貌。

By examining the late 20th century relevant works on loyalists during the Song-Yuan transition,published in China and elsewhere,this study discusses the main contribution and limitation of these researches on loyalist scholars during dynastic changes,hoping to reflect on how to advance future scholarship on this topic.Historians recognize the uniqueness of scholars during dynastic changes,and have found the ambiguity of the definition of a “loyalist”(yimin).Various historians have identified the main characteristics of loyalists in general,and have observed the cultural and intellectual factors underlying their behavior.They point out that the actions scholars make during dynastic changes are often political decisions,and do not actually constitute a fetter on their lives or minds.Compared with studies on scholars of the Ming-Qing period,those on scholars of the Song-Yuan period focus on issues like Yi-Xia distinction,loyalty to the sovereign,the political choice and academic pursuit of the scholars.An analysis of researches done by Sun Kekuan,Mou Fuli and other historians will find that such approaches are too limited to be sustainable,and it is high time that we sought new perspectives to studies in this field.