美国博士培养过剩防范机制的形成及对我国的启示

Formation of Doctoral Training Surplus-control Mechanism in the United States and the Experience to China

20世纪70年代以来,美国通过供给侧和需求侧的双重调节,有效解决并防范了博士供给过剩问题。在供给侧,通过动态调节博士招生数量、提高海外留学生比例、鼓励博士多元就业等措施,既合理控制了国内博士供给数量,又提高了博士供给与就业需求的区域、学科和职业之间的匹配程度。在需求侧,通过扩大博士后招聘数量、提升非终身教职比例,扩大了学术性岗位的需求数量和博士就业的层级弹性。建议我国通过提高博士培养的国际化程度、加强博士可迁移能力培养、扩大博士后招生规模建立博士培养过剩防范机制。

The United States has effectively solved and prevented the surplus supply of PhDs since the 1970s through the dual regulations on both the supply side and the demand side. On the supply side, by dynamically adjusting the doctoral student enrollment, increasing the proportion of international students and encouraging diversified employment of PhDs, the United States has not only reasonably controlled the PhD supply in its domestic market, but also improved the suitability of the supply of PhDs to the demand side of the locals, disciplines and occupations. On the demand side, by enlarging postdoctoral recruitment and increasing the proportion of non-tenured faculty, it has increased the demand for academic posts and the employment flexibility of PhDs at different levels. Therefore, the authors propose that we should enhance the internationalization in doctoral education, strengthen the cultivation of the transferability of PhDs, and enlarge postdoctoral recruitment so that we can also establish a surplus prevention mechanism in doctoral education.