产业集聚与开放经济影响污染减排的空间效应分析

Spatial effects of industrial agglomeration and open economy on pollution abatement

EKC理论认为,产业集聚和开放经济能够促进污染减排。不过,随着集聚与开放水平的加深,区域间环境污染的空间关系变得紧密,这使得产业集聚和开放经济的环境影响具有明显的空间效应,忽略空间影响的传统假设很难刻画这种地区间协同性的污染排放关系。因此,本文以210个中国城市为空间单元,使用不同阈值距离的空间权重矩阵,在EKC理论框架下实证检验产业集聚、开放经济影响环境污染的空间联系。结论表明:①产业集聚能够促进污染减排,这一有利作用的空间效应非常明显。②开放经济并未表现出减排作用。FDI会提高污染排放强度,其加剧二氧化硫污染的空间效应尤其强烈;自由贸易的作用则不明确。③与理论预期一致,反映产业结构、技术进步、环境规制、金融支持的各类控制变量均表现出抑制污染排放的空间影响。④不同阈值距离的空间效应分析显示,环境规制、金融支持等"资源、政策性"因素的减排作用会受到地理距离的限制,难以在城市间促成大范围的协同减排关系。另外,技术进步的空间溢出效应明显低于结构优化,其减排作用也有待提升。结论说明,中国未来环境治理的重点在于实现并提升开放经济的污染减排作用,一方面应增强国际贸易的结构与技术效应,以实现其有利环境作用;另一方面,应优化FDI政策体系以抑制其不利环境影响。同时,进一步发挥技术进步的减排作用,围绕"资源、政策性"因素不断完善区域性协同减排体系也非常关键。

EKC theory holds that industrial agglomeration and open economy can reduce the pollution. However,with the advance of the agglomeration and openness,the spatial relationship of inter-regional environmental pollution becomes closer,which makes the environmental impact of the industrial agglomeration and the open economy show obvious spatial effects,and the traditional hypothesis that neglects the spatial influence is difficult to describe the inter-regional pollution synergetic relationship. Therefore,this paper uses China’s 210 cities as space units and the spatial weight matrix of different threshold distances,and empirically tests the spatial relations of the impact of industrial agglomeration and open economic on environmental pollution under the framework of EKC theory.The results show that: first,industrial agglomeration can reduce pollution,and the spatial effect of this beneficial effect is very obvious. Second,the open economy does not show the effect of emission abatement. FDI will increase the intensity of pollution emissions,especially the spatial effect of increasing SO--2 pollution;but the effect of free trade is uncertain. Third,it is consistent with theory that the control variables including industrial structure,technical development,environmental regulation and financial support all show obvious spatial effects of pollution abatement. Fourth,the spatial effect analysis of the different threshold distance shows that,the‘resource and policy’factors such as the environmental regulation and financial support are limited by the geographical distance,so it is difficult to establish large scale inter-regional synergistic pollution reduction relationship. Besides,the spatial spillover effect of technological progress is obviously smaller than that of structural optimization,and the role of its emission reduction needs to be improved. Therefore,the focus of China’s future environmental governance is to achieve and enhance the role of open economy in the pollution reduction. On the one hand,the structure and technical effects of international trade should be enhanced in order to achieve the favorable effect;on the other hand,FDI policy system should be optimized to restrain adverse environmental impact. Meanwhile,it is also very critical to further play the role of technological progress in reducing emissions and constantly improve the regional synergetic emission reduction system focusing on the‘resources and policy’factors.