非衣乎?铭旌乎?——论马王堆汉墓T形帛画的名称、功用与寓意

Feiyi-silk Painting or Mingjing-name Banner:Name, Function and Symbolic Meanings of the T-shaped Silk Paintings Unearthed from the Han Dynasty Tomb at Mawangdui Mound

马王堆汉墓所出T形帛画是墓主神灵所凭依之物,而遣策所记之物则是为墓主所备的阴间饮食之物和生活用品等,作为用以表示墓主神灵的"神明之旌"是不会记入遣策中的,因此,将此帛画指认为遣策中所记的"非衣"是不合适的,其应是丧葬礼仪中所建的铭旌,以标识墓主神灵,用于整个丧葬礼仪的全过程。周秦两汉时期的丧葬之礼是盛行始死招魂、虞祭安魂的礼俗,将死者的灵魂安置在宗庙之中以享祭祀,不存在"引魂升天"的习俗和观念。此T形帛画内容乃是当时宇宙观、生死观、灵魂观和鬼神观相融会的综合体现,其寓意并非"引魂升天"。

The T-shaped silk paintings unearthed from the Han Dynasty Tomb at Mawangdui Mound are considered as the symbol of the burial occupants’ soul and spirit. The bamboo slips listing the funerary goods are meant for enumerating foods and commodities prepared for the afterlife of burial occupants. Therefore, it is improper to interpret the T-shaped silk paintings as Feiyi in the funerary item lists. The silk paintings should be Mingjing-name banner(bearing the names and titles of the deceased) identifying the burial occupants’ soul and spirit throughout the whole funeral. Funeral etiquettes including summons of the soul and Yu-ritual(to grant the deceased soul peace after the funeral) prevailed in the Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties. Instead of being guided to heaven, the soul of the deceased was settled and sacrificed in ancestral shrines. In conclusion, the T-shaped silk paintings are not concerned with the symbolic meaning of soul guiding, but represent an integrated outlook toward the world, life, death, soul, ghost, and deities.