北宋政府时政舆论管理研究

A Study on Public Opinion Management in the Government of Song Dynasty

宋代是古代中国时政舆论发展的高峰时期,政府针对时政评论建立起了一套非常严密的管理机制:统一的时政新闻发布机制、法规管理机制、监察机制。统一的时政新闻发布机制是由都进奏院统一发行邸报、进奏院月报,以及其他不定期新闻出版物的方式实现的。舆论法规管理是通过制定法典和临时出台敕、御笔、指挥等规章来完成。监察机制包括以御史台、谏院和皇城司为代表公察、私察两套机制。宋代的时政舆论管理是约束规范和主动利用并行的,较之前代有相当大的进步。但当时的舆论管理也存在舆论监督滞后、利用虚假舆论打击政敌等负面效应,其根本原因在于舆论本质与皇权专制特点两者间的格格不入。

The Song Dynasty was the peak period of the development of the current public opinion politics in ancient China. The government set up a very strict management mechanism for the current political commentary: a unified political news release mechanism, a regulatory regime and a monitoring mechanism. A unified mechanism for issuing news on current affairs is achieved through the unified publication of the Dibao, the Jinzouyuan Yuebao, and other occasional news publications. The regulation of public opinion is accomplished through the formulation of codes and the temporary promulgation of Chi, Yubi, Guidelines and other regulations. The monitoring mechanism includes Yushi Tai, Jianyuan and Huangchengsi as the representative of the public inspection system and imperial inspection system. The management of public opinion in the Song Dynasty was a combination of restraint norms and active utilization;there are still delay of public supervision and abuse of public opinion to crackdown on political opponents.The fundamental reason is that the essence of public opinion is incompatible with the autocratic character of imperial power.