生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿责任之构建——《民法典侵权责任编(草案二审稿)》第一千零八条的立法意义及完善

The Construction of Punitive Liability for Ecological Environment Infringement——The Legislative Significance and Perfection of Article 1008 of Division of Civil Code( Second Draft)

《民法典侵权责任编(草案·二次审议稿)》第一千零八条规定了生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿责任制度,具有全面救济受害人、重点制裁恶意侵权人和阻吓他人实施侵权行为的重大意义。不过,第一千零八条的内容目前存在明显不足,一是主观要件限于故意,没有规定重大过失亦可适用惩罚性赔偿责任;二是行为要件囿于违反国家规定,抑制其他积极作为形式,遗漏消极不作为情形;三是结果要件为损害生态环境,致使惩罚性赔偿的性质混同于行政罚款;四是责任要件模糊处理,未规定具体的计算方法。在侵权责任编修改过程中,应当对第一千零八条规定存在的不足予以完善,明确规定,生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿责任的主观要件为故意和重大过失;行为要件为积极实施侵害行为以及未及时采取补救措施;结果要件为造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害。在惩罚性赔偿责任的计算上,应当对故意侵权和重大过失侵权有所区别。

The Article 1008 of the Division of Civil Code (Second Draft) stipulates the punitive liability for ecological environmental infringement which has great significance in comprehensively relieving victims,focusing on sanctioning against malicious infringers and deterring others from committing infringement.However,the content of Article 1008 currently has obvious deficiencies.First of all,the subjective requirements are limited to intentionality.In fact,punitive liability may also apply to gross negligence.Secondly,the behavioral elements are just in violation of national regulations,suppress other positive forms,and omit negative inactions.Thirdly,the result is ecological environment damage,which has caused the nature of punitive damages to be mixed with administrative fines.Finally,the responsibility elements are not clear and specific calculation methods are not specified.In the process of editing the tort liability,the deficiencies in the provisions of Article 1008 shall be improved.It is clearly stipulated that the subjective elements of punitive liability for ecological environmental torts are intentional and gross negligence.The elements of conduct are the active implementation of the violations and the failure to take remedial measures in a timely manner.The result is that the death of others or serious damage to health.In the calculation of punitive damages,there should be a difference between intentional infringement and gross negligence infringement.