农地“三权分置”在民法典中的立法表达——以《民法典分编(草案)》第一百三十条为视角

The Legislative Expression of “Separating of three rights” of Rural Land in the Civil Code ——from the Perspective of Article 130 of the Drafting Subdivision of the Civil Code

基于"三权分置"改革的宗旨、我国各地经济发展不平衡的客观现实、法律习惯、法律概念科学要求之考量等,建立"土地集体所有权、土地承包经营权、土地经营权"的农地权利结构是农地"三权分置"模式在我国《民法典》中的应然立法表达。民法典分编(草案)第一百三十条的立法表达与之吻合呼应,既有土地经营权物权法定缓和、间接确立"土地所有权、土地承包经营权、土地经营权"的农地权利结构、创建土地经营权设权效力为登记对抗制等创新之处,也有农地流转登记对抗制度过于笼统等不足。为切实维护广大农民权益、交易安全和社会稳定等,需进一步明确土地经营权为不动产物权,明确为次级用益物权更为妥帖,并增补土地经营权再流转为严格的登记生效法律制度。

Given the aim of revised “separation of three rights” policy,unbalanced development in various areas,legal customs and scientifically- demanding legal concepts,the right system of “land ownership right,land contract right and land management right” has come to be the inevitable legislative expression of the mode of “separation of three rights” in our civil code.In consistent with the article 130 of the drafting subdivision of the civil code,many innovations have been made,such as,moderated real right of land management right,indirectly established right system of “land ownership right,land contract right and land management right” and registration confrontation of land management right based on force and effect of land management right.However,the registration confrontation system of transferring land is not as specific as needed.To preserve legal rights of peasants,transaction security and social stability,land management right needs to be defined as real estate interest.More proper secondary usufructuary right,a more strict registration and effective system of re- transferred land management need to be supplemented.