汉语第二人称敬称代词的类型学考察——从湖北天门方言敬称代词“你那”的来源谈起

The Typology Research on Chinese Second-person Honorific Pronoun: Starting from the Origin of Tianmen Dialect’s Honorific Pronoun “Nina”

湖北天门方言第二人称敬称代词“你那”是由“你老人家”缩略、弱化而来的,其敬称方式为身份名词。虽然使用第二人称代词复数表示第二人称单数敬称在世界语言的所有敬称方式中占有绝对优势,但这一敬称方式在汉语方言中却很少使用。另外,用第一人称复数包括式表敬称的情况在汉语方言中也较为少见,只见于广东雷州闽语、台湾闽语和山西灵丘晋语。如果根据敬称区分度来划分敬称类型,现代汉语在共时平面主要属于无敬称型、敬称二分型语言,山西灵丘方言则属于敬称多分型语言;汉语在历时平面经历了从“避免使用敬称代词型”到“敬称二分型”语言的转变。

Tianmen dialect’s second-person honorific pronoun “nina (你那)” as a status noun, derives from “ni (你)+ laorenjia (老人家)”. Though the use of second person plural pronoun is the most predominant pattern to address the hearer politely in world languages, it is rarely used in Chinese dialects. Furthermore, the use of inclusive first person plural pronoun to address the hearer politely is not common in Chinese, which is found only in Leizhou, Taiwan Min dialects and Lingqiu Jin dialect. According to the honorific types based on degrees of politeness distinction, Chinese is synchronically a language characteristic of binary distinction of politeness, which has transformed diachronically from “honorific pronoun avoidance” in ancient times to “binary politeness distinction” in modern times.