女性独立性发展:从二元对立到自主选择

The Development of the Women’s Independence: From Binary Opposition to Autonomous Choice

近年来,越来越多的女性表现出反性别刻板印象的行为,“女汉子”是其中一个典型代表,这一现象折射出女性独立性的发展,会拓宽人们的性别认知,但也会使女性因仍受制于既有性别角色期待的惯性,遭遇冲突。本研究以8位自评他评独立性均高的高学历女性作为典型个案进行深度访谈,并采取解释现象学方法对资料进行系统分析,以探究女性对自身独立的认知内容、情感体验,特别是与此相关的自我威胁、人际冲突等方面的压力感受及应对调适机制。研究发现:(1)受访女性对独立性的认知主要体现在处理独立与求助、依赖等的关系上,且普遍经历从刻板二元对立到被动松动再到自主变通的发展过程;(2)受访女性的独立行为和独立意愿可能相互一致也可能彼此割裂,两者一致时,个体主动寻求独立,体验到自豪感、力量感等积极情绪;两者割裂时,个体表现为被迫独立,体验到难受、委屈等消极情绪;(3)女性独立的内涵具有层次性,其核心是个体的自主性。本研究的结果表明,女性独立性发展体现出社会期望与自我发展间的交互作用,更契合本土理论中自立人格的内涵和双元自主的意义。同时,也预示了自主性主导下能力和关系两类基本心理需求之间的可能平衡,及其超越性别和文化现象的普遍意义。

Recently,increasing number of women show anti-stereotype behaviours especially the tough ladies. This phenomenon reflects the development of women’s independence,improves people’s awareness of the gender cognition. But it conflicts with the stereotype of existing gender roles in this society. As a result,the tough ladies have to adjust themselves. This article discussed women’s perceptions of their independence and emotional experiences, especially the feel of pressure related to interpersonal conflicts and their coping and adjustment mechanisms. The author interviewed 8 well-educated cases with highly both self-rated and other-rated level of independence,and adopted the method of interpretative phenomenology to explore the female’s cognition and emotional experience of independence and the process of adjusting conflict resulting from personal independence. The research found that:( 1) women’s understanding to independence came from how to handle the relationship between independence and reliance. Most of them experienced the development from rigid binary opposition to passive loosening to autonomous modification.( 2) Women’s independent behaviours were consistent with their independent willingness or not. When their independent behaviours were consistent with their mind,the individual would actively choose to be independent and experience positive emotions such as pride and power. When they were forced to be independent, the individual experienced negative emotions such as discomfort and grievance.( 3) There were different levels in the meaning of women’s independence and the core was autonomy. The result showed that there were some characteristics of anti-gender stereotype during the development of female independence. It was more in line with the meaning of self-supporting personality in local culture and also highlights the significance of dual autonomy. But it also implies the possible existence of the balance between these two basic psychological needs of autonomy-based capabilities and relationships. It also exists the universal significance of transcending both gender and culture.