当代西方正义理论的三重视角

Three Perspectives of Contemporary Western Justice Theory

规范政治理论在20世纪70年代出现复兴,正义问题重新获得人们关注。左翼自由主义者罗尔斯试图舒缓传统自由主义理论中自由与平等之间的张力,提出"正义总意味着某种平等"的观点;自由至上主义者诺奇克提出自由是最重要的个人权利,任何财富再分配都会侵犯个人权利,主张用持有正义取代分配正义;分析马克思主义者科恩认为社会主义正义最重要的是平等,这是社会主义优于资本主义之所在。三种关于正义的理论视角,关键问题都在于如何处理自由与平等之间的关系,这也是政治哲学的核心主题。

Normative political theory revived in the 1970s, and the issue of justice got people's attention again. Rawls, a left-wing liberalist, tried to ease the tension between freedom and equality in traditional liberalism theory and put forward the view that "justice always means some kind of equality";Nozick, a liberal supremacist, argued that freedom is the most important individual right, any redistribution of wealth will infringe on individual rights, and holding justice should replace distributive justice;Cohen, an analytical Marxist, believed that the most important thing of socialist justice is equality, which is why socialism is superior to capitalism. The core issue of these three theoretical perspectives on justice is how to deal with the relationship between freedom and equality, which is also the core theme of political philosophy.