论康德启蒙观的发展

The Development of Kant's Conception of Enlightenment

康德的《回答这个问题:什么是启蒙?》一文长期以来被看作是对于启蒙精神的经典陈述。但该文中对启蒙的著名定义其实问题颇多。通过对康德启蒙观在一系列后续论著中的发展性考察,可见康德后来不仅通过对"自己思考"概念的重新界定消解了原先定义中的许多问题,而且将启蒙的"思维方式"与"道德性格"的确立联系在一起,从而为他的"启蒙的人类学"设定了基调。

Kant's short essay What is Enlightenment? has since long been regarded as a classical statement of the spirit of enlightenment. However, Kant's famous definition of enlightenment in that essay actually contains several serious problems. After indicating some of these problems, it is argued that Kant realized and solved these problems in his subsequent writings on enlightenment with a new elucidation of the notion "thinking for oneself'. Moreover, for Kant, there is an intrinsic connection between the "Denkungsart" of enlightenment and the formation of moral character, so that the ultimate ideal of enlightenment can be summarized as"anthropology of enlightenment".