慈善募捐规制中的国家与社会:兼论《慈善法》的效度和限度

The State and Society in Public Fundraising Regulation: On Validities and Limitations of the Charity Law

我国慈善募捐管理体制长期充满争议,2016年《慈善法》的颁布实施似乎并未使之得以消解,后慈善立法时代国内慈善募捐规制实践也呈现纠结之态。为了对《慈善法》中有关我国慈善募捐规制政策调整的内在立法思路进行考察,本文以国家与社会互动关系为切入点,从纵向历史维度对改革以来我国慈善募捐规制领域相关法律政策展开梳理,力图揭示国家对民间募款活动一以贯之的管控思路,及近年来国家管控逐渐松动背后的社会动力。文章分析认为,国家管控思维主导下《慈善法》对公募权的有限放开表现出明显的被动性和纠结属性,并由此造成其在募捐规制实践中的效度与限度双重面向。

The promulgation of Chinese Charity Law in 2016 was expected to break the long-term monopoly of governmental charities in public fundraising,However,disputable fundraising events still happened from time to time during the Post-Charity Law era,indicating internal institutional contradictions of the Law.In order to examine the logic of Charity Law’s institutional adjustments on public fundraising regulation,this paper,employing framework of State-Society relation,historically examines all related laws and policies of China that deal with the fundraising regulation issue since the reform and opening-up.It is revealed that the controlling mentality of state towards civic public fundraising has been dominating the field all the way,and the recent loosening of state control was compelled by bottom-up social momentum.The paper argues that,under the constant influence of state control mentality,the institutional adjustments of Charity Law on opening space for civic fundraising tend to be quite passive and endogenously contradictory,which would bring about both validities and limitations of the Charity Law in practice.