海上拦截合法性的国际法分析

Analysis of the legality of maritime interception in international law

1990年海湾战争期间,以美国为首的盟国海军实施了首次现代海上拦截。进入21世纪以来,全球海上安全形势愈发不容乐观。欧美国家所构建的弹性、高效、规范、快速的海上拦截行动机制逐渐成为应对海洋安全威胁、实施海洋安全战略的基石。现代海上拦截主要是由军舰或者合法授权的政府公务船舶实施的拦截某类物资或者人员进出某个国家或者特定地区的行动。它本质上是一种控制紧张局势加剧和武力对抗升级的机制,是海上武力的低烈度运用,既适用于平时,也适用于战时或者武装冲突期间。它与海上封锁、临检和拿捕、紧追、中立、隔离都有一定的历史渊源。海上拦截是对海洋自由的一种限制,其适用除应有充分的合法性理由外,还应谨慎实施,在当下不应过分夸大其维护争议岛屿主权和海域权属的作用,但因其契合中国一贯的外交主张和国防政策,中国可以主导和构建公正、合法、有效的区域海上拦截机制。

The first modern maritime interdiction operation which played a great role in promoting the development of international law was carried out by the allied army led by US in 1990 during the time of the Gulf War.Since the world entered a new century,the global maritime security situation has become worse and worse.The maritime interdiction operation mechanism constructed by some European and American countries which is characterized by flexibility,high efficiency,standardization,and high speed has gradually become a response mechanism to maritime security threat and a cornerstone in executing maritime security strategy.Modern maritime interdiction operation mainly refers to the action carried out by the warship or legally-empowered official service ship to interdict some material goods or persons from or into some specified states or regions.Essentially,it is a mechanism to control the intensification of tense situation and escalation of armed confrontation,which,by resorting to the low-intensity use of force at sea,is applicable both in time of peace and in time of war or armed conflicts.It has an intimate relationship with maritime blockade,maritime capture,hot pursuit,maritime neutrality and maritime quarantine,and the like.Maritime interception functions as a limitation on maritime freedom,and its application should be implemented with great prudence apart from its full legality.At the moment,its role in maintaining the present maritime disputes in island territory and jurisdictional water should not be exaggerated.But as it has been in line with our China's coherent foreign assertion and national defense policy,China can play the leading role in constructing a just,legal and efficient regional maritime interception mechanism.