1996—2015年全国生活饮用水污染事件初步分析

Preliminary analysis of drinking water contamination emergencies in China during 1996-2015

目的基于文献报道分析我国1996—2015年突发饮用水污染事件,为开展生活饮用水监测预警提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学方法对收集的学术期刊发表的及网络和媒体报道的1996—2015年突发饮用水污染事件案例进行分析。结果除西藏、青海、宁夏未见突发饮用水污染事件案例报道外,共收集到全国其他省(市)、自治区1996—2015年突发饮用水污染事件案例219起;其中91起为发病案例,占饮用水污染案例的40.6%。其中,生物性污染、化学性污染、混合污染案例分别为57、133、29起,分别占26.0%、60.7%、13.3%,构成比差异有统计学意义(χ~2=119.014,P=0.000)。饮用水污染的主要污染源是工业污染、生活污水、垃圾及粪便;饮用水污染事件的主要原因是缺乏有效的防护与管理、水质净化与消毒不到位、违章改接水管导致污水倒灌。水污染环节以水源污染(56.2%)、管网污染(23.7%)、自备供水污染(13.2%)及二次供水污染(6.4%)为主。生物性污染事件的主要污染物为总大肠菌群,化学性污染事件的主要污染物为氨氮、亚硝酸盐、挥发酚类及砷。结论本次收集到的1996—2015年我国饮用水污染事件以化学性污染为主,其次为生物性污染,饮用水卫生管理和居民的安全饮水意识有待进一步加强。

Objective To analyze the drinking water contamination emergencies in China during 1996-2015 based on literature reports in order to provide the scientific basis for monitoring and warning of the drinking water quality.Methods The descriptive epidemiology methods were used to analyze the drinking water contamination emergencies published in academic journals,or reported by network and media during 1996-2015.Results A total of 219 cases for the drinking water contamination emergencies were distributed in China except in Tibet,Ningxia autonomous region and Qinghai province,among which 91 cases(40.6%)resulted in clinical symptoms for more than two person.All of the cases were classified as biological(57 cases,26.0%),chemical(133 cases,60.7%)and mixed contamination(29 cases,13.3%),the constituent ratios presented significant difference(χ^2=119.014,P=0.000).Drinking water were mainly contaminated by industrial and domestic sewage,garbage and faeces,and the causes for the drinking water contamination emergencies were lack of effective preventive measures,insufficient purification and disinfection measures,illegal links to recycling water.The drinking water contamination emergencies were mainly caused by sources contamination(56.2%),pipelines contamination(23.7%),self-provided water supply contamination(13.2%),and secondary water supply contamination(6.4%).Moreover,the main contaminants were E.coli for biological contamination,ammonia nitrogen,nitrite,volatile phenol and arsenic for chemical contamination.Conclusion The drinking water contamination emergencies collected in this study are mainly caused by chemical contamination,secondly by biological contamination in China during 1996-2015.Hygienic management of drinking water and awareness of drinking water safety among residents must be strengthened in China in the future.