民法典继承编引入“特留份”制度的合理性追问——兼论现有“必留份”制度之完善

Reflections on the Opportunity of Introducing the “Forced Heirship” into Chinese Succession Law: And the Possible Way to Improve the Actual “Necessary Portion” System

关于特留份制度的引入,在我国未来民法典继承编制定的讨论中占有重要地位,主流学者对此持肯定态度。然而通过分析可以发现,特留份制度的引入与我国继承法的传统原则存在冲突,其在实际操作中也会产生诸多难题和漏洞,该制度引入的必要性论证并不充分。因此,在未来的民法典制定中放弃引入特留份制度的尝试,是明智之举。为了能够更有效地实现对遗嘱自由的限制,我国有必要对既有的必留份制度加以完善,尤其是扩大必留份权利人之范围、明确必留份资格之判断时间及份额的确定标准、强化必留份权利人的救济途径等。

The introduction of the " forced heirship system" occupies an important position in the current debate about the codification of Chinese law of successions. The majority of Chinese scholars are supportive for its introduction, a fine analysis however reveals the great risk of such enterprise: the reasons given to justify the forced heirship are largely insufficient;this institution contrasts with the traditional principles of Chinese law of successions;the immature legislation of such a complicated issue can engender various difficulties. In conclusion, the abandon of the forced heirship doctrine can be seen as a better choice. In order to limit the freedom of disposition by wills more efficiently, it is suggested to improve our "necessary portion system", especially to prolong the list of beneficiaries, to clarify the quality of the beneficiaries, to settle rules for the determination of the necessary portion, and to provide more efficient legal remedies.