论美国行政法上说明理由即时性原则

The Principleof Contemporaneousness of Reason-Given System in Administrative Law in the United States of America

说明理由制度是行政法上的基本制度,是现代国家规范行政权、促进行政法治及保障公共参与的重要方式。我国以单行法的形式规定了特定类别行政行为的说明理由义务,但由于规定粗略、标准不一及法律后果不明确等原因,使说明理由要求难以发挥其制度功能。美国行政法上的说明理由即时性原则奠定了说明理由制度在行政法上的基础地位,在制约行政裁量滥用的同时极大地促进了形式法治,但同时对规则制定造成了些许负面影响。有条件地接受"事后说理",将即时性原则视为司法审查的一般指导性规则,统一"发回不撤销"判决方式的适用情形,将促进行政法治与实现行政管理目标并重,是修正即时性原则的基本方向。深入探究即时性原则的分析框架和发展方向对完善我国说明理由制度极具借鉴意义。

The Reason-Given System is the basic legal system of the administrative law.It’s an important way for modern countries to regulate administrative power, promote administrative rule of law, and guarantee public participation.Our country stipulates the obligation of explaining reasons for specific types of administrative acts in the form of special laws, but it’s difficult to achieve the original system purpose of explaining reasons because of rough regulation, inconsistent standards, imperfect system and unclear legal consequences.The Principle of Contemporaneousness in American administrative law has laid the foundation of explanatory reason system in administrative law, greatly promoted the rule of law in form, and restricted the abuse of administrative discretion.However, it has some negative effects on rule-making.Conditionally accepting the behavior of giving reason afterwards, considering the Principle of Contemporaneousness as a general guiding rule of judicial review, and unifying the application of the "return without revocation" judgment mode will promote the rule of law and the realization of administrative objectives.This is the basic direction of future revision of the Principle of Contemporaneousness.Deeply exploring the analytical framework and development direction of this principle is of great significance for improving the system of explaining reasons in China.