社会养老保险对家庭养老的局部替代研究——以城乡居民基本养老保险对家庭代际支持的影响为例

“Local Substitution” of Family Endowment for the Social Endowment Insurance——Taking the impact of basic endowment insurance for urban and rural residents on intergenerational support for families as an example

以社会养老保险制度为主的社会养老与依靠代际支持的家庭养老共同构成了我国现阶段主要的养老模式,两者深刻地影响着老年人的福利水平和生活质量。然而,由于两者分属不同的层次,在内涵和着重点上存在巨大差异。那么在两者的互动过程中,家庭代际支持是否会因为社会养老保险制度的介入而在内容和实质上发生改变?老年人的总福利又会发生何种改变?为更好地回答上述问题,本研究基于2016年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,参照社会支持理论将家庭代际支持划分为子女的经济支持、劳动支持和精神支持,利用控制内生性的断点回归方法,以城乡居民基本养老保险为例识别了社会养老对家庭代际支持的影响。研究发现,旨在提升老年人福利水平的社会养老保险政策却产生了一种意料之外的反作用:子女的非经济性支持因为社会养老保险制度的介入而发生显著弱化,在家庭外部照料制度长期缺位的情况下,这一结果影响了老年人总体福利的获得。具体来看,社会养老保险制度对家庭代际支持的影响呈现出了"局部化"的差异性特征:社会养老保险并未对外显化的子女经济支持产生显著影响,但是显著"挤出"了子女对老年人的劳动支持与精神支持,且对于城市老年人群体而言,这一现象更为敏感和显著。由此可见,在当前家庭居住分离化、家庭结构核心化以及家庭成员就业普遍化的背景下,照料资源的短缺促使子女更愿意以经济赠与的方式来表达对父母的养老支持。"经济面向"的社会养老保险不仅不能提供非经济性的资源支持,而且影响了家庭内部的资源分配状态和代际关系,在一定程度上造成了老年人在照料资源获取上的"真空"现象。进一步分析来看,家庭作为联系国家资源配置与个体需求的重要中介,为老年人提供了与社会养老不同含义的福利内容,社会保障制度构建中缺乏对家庭角色的重视是造成上述现象的重要原因。基于此,本研究从老年人总福利获得的框架出发,提出加大对城乡居民基本养老保险基础账户的补贴力度、支持家庭能力建设、拓展照料资源的社会化供给等政策建议,以期提高老年人的生活福祉。

The social endowment insurance and family endowment relying on intergenerational support have constituted the essential mode of pension in China at present. Both of them profoundly affect the welfare level and quality of the elderly. However, because there are huge differences in the connotation, they belong to two different systems. Then, in the process of interaction between them, will family intergenerational support change in form and substance because of the influence of the social endowment insurance system? What changes will happen to the total welfare of the elderly? In order to answer the above questions, based on the 2016 China Family Panel Survey(CFPS), according to the theory of social support, referring to the classification of children’s economic support, labor support and spiritual support for family intergenerational support, using the breakpoint regression method to control endogeny and taking the basic endowment insurance of urban and rural residents as an example, this paper identifies the influence of social endowment insurance on family intergenerational support. The study finds the social endowment insurance system has produced an unexpected "retroaction": the non-economic support of the children has been significantly weakened by the intervention of pensions. In the absence of a long-term external family care, this result affects the overall welfare level of the elderly. In concrete terms, the Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design results provide relatively stable empirical support. The influence of social endowment insurance system on family intergenerational support shows the difference characteristics of "localization": the social endowment insurance has not had a significant negative impact on the obvious financial support of children, but significantly"squeeze out" the spiritual and labor support of children to the elderly and this phenomenon is more sensitive and significant for urban elderly groups. It can be seen, in the context of the current separation of family living,the core of family structure and the generalization of family members’ employment, the shortage of caring resources leads to children are more willing to give economic support to the elderly to express their support for parents. The "economically oriented" social endowment insurance system cannot provide non-finance resource support, on the contrary, it affects the family’s resource allocation status and internal intergenerational relationship, which leads to the "vacuum" phenomenon in the acquisition of care resources. Further analysis shows that the family, as an important intermediary to link the country’s resource allocation and individual needs, provides the elderly with different welfare content different from the social endowment insurance system. The lack of attention to the family role in the construction of the social security macro system is the cause of the above phenomenon. Based on this, from the framework of the total welfare of the elderly, this study proposes to increase the subsidy to the basic account of the basic endowment insurance, support the family capacity building, and expand the social supply of care resources to improve the living standard of the elderly.