马克思主义语言哲学的三副面孔——语言生产·欲望政治·生物权力

Three Faces of Marxist Philosophy of Language——Linguistic Production·Desire of Politics· Biopower

卢卡奇开辟的西方马克思主义道路为后来的马克思主义者提供智性动力,葛兰西、阿尔杜塞、普兰查斯、拉克劳和墨菲等将隐喻式的"基础-建筑"诠释为符号学意义上的语言生产模式。而法兰克福学派的赖希、马尔库塞和弗洛姆则将马克思主义和弗洛伊德主义结合起来,展开马克思主义语言哲学的欲望政治研究。想象一种语言就是想象一种生命,语言与生命须臾不可分离,后马克思主义者如阿甘本、哈特和奈格里等则将语言生产模式和欲望生产模式推进到生物生产模式,即考察后现代语境下人类社会的生命权力,甚至人体内部的生物权力。无论是语言生产还是欲望政治都是生命权力的外在表现形式,对身体从外到内或从身体到生命,即从生命权力到生物权力的范式转换,才是马克思主义语言哲学的终极关怀。

Lukacs is a precursor of Western Marxism,which paved the intellectual way for the later Marxists.Gramsci,Althusser,Poulantzas and Laclau & Mouffe interpret the metaphorical "base-superstructure" in terms of paradigm of linguistic production towards the road to semiotics.Members of Frankfurt School such as Reich,Marcuse and Fromm combine Marxism with Freudism in order to establish a study of politics of desire conditioned by a Marxist philosophy of language.To imagine a language is to tantamount to imagining a life,so language and life cannot be separated.Post-Marxists,such as Agamben,Hardt & Negri,etc.,promote linguistic production and politics of desire into a mode of biopower,and investigate the biopower from inside and outside the human body.Either linguistic production or politics of desire is nothing less than the outer form of biopower.The biopwer from within and without,or from body to life,is the final care for Marxist philosophy of language.