农村集体经济组织形式的立法选择——从《民法总则》第99条展开

Legislative Choices of Rural Collective Economic Organizations:From Article 99 of the General Principles of the Civil Law

《民法总则》第99条在文义上给不同的解释留下了空间。赋予农村集体经济组织法人地位,须先认识其与农民集体的同一关系,并承认其享有集体土地所有权。农村集体经济组织可以选择非法人组织形式,且其多元的组织形式依团体特征强弱呈现出关于人的结合之类型序列。由此,《民法总则》第99条应被理解为,具备法人成立要件的农村集体经济组织,可以依法取得法人资格,反之则属于非法人组织。对于主体形式的选择,传统民法奉行类型强制,但当前国际理论和实践中均存在缓和趋势。中国法人法定主义原则的学理解释过于严格,立法解释应采缓和模式。据此,农村集体经济组织成员可以选择一种法定主体形式,同时通过结构创新缓和类型强制。未来的农村集体经济组织立法,不应统一农村集体经济组织形式,但须基于其特别法人性质,在成员权和债权人保护方面加强规制。

Article 99 of the General Principles of the Civil Law leaves room for different interpretations regarding the organizational form of rural collective economic organizations.In order to grant legal-person status to rural collective economic organizations,it is necessary to understand the identity of rural collective economic organizations and farmer collectives,and recognize that they enjoy collective land ownership.Rural collective economic organizations can equally choose the form of non-legal form of organizations,and their diverse organizational forms present a type sequence about human combinations based on the strength of group properties.Therefore,Article 99 of the General Principles of the Civil Law should be understood as that rural collective economic organizations with the requirements for the establishment of legal persons can obtain legal personality in accordance with the law,and vice versa.For the choice of the subject’s legal form,the traditional civil law pursues type coercion,but there is a mitigation trend in current international theories and practices.The academic interpretation of legal person legalism in China is too strict,and the legislative interpretation should be moderated.Members of rural collective economic organizations can choose the organizational form among various legal types,and meanwhile mitigate the type of compulsion by structural innovation.In the future,the legislation of rural collective economic organizations should not unify the forms of rural collective economic organizations,but strengthen the regulation on the protection of members’rights and creditors based on their special legal personality.