支遁五言诗赞之维摩诘形象论析

A Study on the Image of Vimalakirti in Zhi Dun’s Five-Character Praise Poems

《维摩诘经》《般若经》从宗教实践与理论两方面将佛教由出世转为入世。藉助玄学、玄谈,二经在中土相辅而行,为两晋僧侣所弘传,为两晋士人所接受。支遁不仅大力宣讲《维摩诘经》,而且革新传统赞体,首次以五言诗赞维摩诘及诸菩萨,用诗歌展现维摩诘辩才无碍、亦玄亦佛的人格,为士大夫提供了一种全新的内圣外王的人生范式。在支遁笔下,维摩诘以智巧方便自由往来于世间、出世间,既享有人世荣华富贵,又远离三界诸种烦恼,恬愉适性,栖神不二入之境,呈现出截然不同于苦修僧侣的自由开放的魅力人生。基于此浓郁的情怀,支遁宪章维摩诘,视处世间为出世间,活跃于其时清谈场上,以达成其构建士大夫佛教之弘法目的。

"Vimalakirti-Sutra" and "Prajnaparamita-Sutra" transferred Buddhism from being aloof from worldly affairs to engaging with them in terms of religious practices and beliefs.With the aid of xuanxue (‘learning of the mysterious’) and the related metaphysical discussion that bringing together Confucian and Taoist beliefs,the above sutras promoted the spreading of Buddhism in China and they were handed down and outreached by monks and then accepted by the scholar officials in the two Jin regimes.Zhi Dun,a Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher,preached Vimalakirti-Sutra and innovated the traditional form of praise poems and offered admiration and worship of Vimalakirti and other Bodhisattvas with five-character poems for the first time.He demonstrated with poems that Vimalakirti was both metaphysical and Buddhist with extraordinary wisdom and eloquence,providing the "gentry" with a brand new life paradigm of being an in-ner sage and an external king.In Zhi Dun's writing,Vimalakirti was expert in liberated techniques and skills of entering and getting out of the world with wisdom,convenience and freedom.Vimalakirti led a joyful and peaceful life,enjoyed the glory and wealth of the secular world,but stayed away from various desires,afflictions and attachment in the three realms.Existing joyfully and peacefully in the human and Buddhist worlds,Vimalakirti showed a liberal,open-minded and charming lifestyle of being in the world but not of it,which was totally different from ascetic monks.Based on his strong admiration of Vimalakirti,Zhi Dun learned from Vimalakirti,regarded the secular world as the Buddist world and engaged in metaphysical discussion in order to spread and publicize Buddhism among the Confucian officials.