秦代诗歌叙事考察

A Study on the Narrative Poetry in the Qin Dynasty

根据现有文献可知,秦代已设置乐府官署,且具有一定数量的诗歌创作。但传世的秦代诗歌却屈指可数,可信的仅有秦始皇刻石颂诗七篇和民间歌谣数首。通过考察,秦代诗歌具有独特的叙事风貌,无论是刻石颂诗的溢美之词,还是民间歌谣的批判之音,都与当时的政治环境息息相关,使得刻石颂诗的官方叙事和歌谣的民间叙事,带有浓重的政治叙事色彩。同时,由于叙事主体的身份、立场和遭际的迥异,又表现出判然不同的叙事态度和叙事风格:刻石颂诗作为一组“颂秦德”的政治叙事诗,其叙事内容、叙事结构与秦帝国的政治文化需求密切相关;而歌谣的民间叙事则真实地再现了秦帝国的民意民情,具有突出的历史评判功能。二者既各有特色,亦相映成趣,使得秦代诗歌作为历史记录的一部分,承担着以诗为史的叙事功能,通过诗歌叙事鲜明地反映出秦帝国的政治特质与时代精神。

According to the existing literature,the official department of Yuefu (music bureau) was set up and a certain number of poetry was written and collected in the Qin Dynasty.However,only a handful of Qin poems survive,and only the seven praise poems about the First Emperor of Qin carved on stone steles and several ballads are proven and reliable.This study finds that Qin poetry has a unique narrative style.Both the positive tone of the praise poems carved on stones and the critical voice of the folk ballads are closely related to the political environment at that time,which makes the official narrative of the poems and the folk narrative of the ballads have strong political narrative color.Meanwhile,because the identity,standpoint and experience of the narrative subject are quite different,they show different narrative attitudes and styles.As a group of political narrative poems to praise Qin's merits and virtues,the narrative content and structure of the carved stone odes are tightly connected to the political and cultural climate of the Qin Empire.Embodied the prominent function of historical criticism,the narratives of ballads embed storytelling into the culture,and mirror the will,desire and public opinion of Qin people.These two types of narratives are distinguished from each other and they also contrast with each other As part of the historical record,Bearing the narrative function of taking poetry as history,Qin poetry clearly reflects the political and spiritual context of the Qin Dynasty.