欧洲大国的海外利益保护论析——以法国、英国和德国在非洲的利益保护为例

Analysis on the Protection of Overseas Interests of the Main Countries in Europe: Taking the Interests’ Protection by France,Britain and Germany in Africa as Examples

非洲国家陆续独立后,以法国、英国和德国为代表的欧洲大国仍然新旧方式并用以保证它们非洲的海外利益。在此过程中,它们形成了一些共同特性:政府是维护海外利益的关键行为体、军事力量是有力保障、跨国公司控制非洲国家的关键领域、加强在欧盟层面的协调。优先特定地区或领域、借助多边机制、援助和投资先行、平衡国内各方利益以及创建主导型机制是三国海外利益保护的基本做法。受地缘环境、历史经历、国家实力、国际分工及产业结构等因素影响三国海外利益的分布与类型,导致了海外利益保护方式和侧重点各有不同。法国通过投资、驻军、货币挂钩等途径在经济、贸易和金融领域保持对非全面影响,确保海外利益最大化。英国延续并发展了殖民时期“因地制宜”、宗主国管理与当地情况相融合的模式,为英国维护并拓展在非利益减少阻碍。德国倾向于采用和平的多边方式与非洲打交道。当前国际环境与地区形势的变化带来诸多不确定性,对法、英、德在非利益保护和拓展带来了挑战。三国为了扭转国内或地区的不利局面,均积极发展对非关系,力图维护其在非特殊利益,进而扩展其全球影响力。

Since African countries'independence,European main countries has explored new ways to protect their interests in Africa on the basis of tradition.France,Britain and Germany have similarities in protecting their overseas interests in Africa,including governments as key actors,military force as a powerful guarantee,control of African countries'crucial areas by transnational corporations and strengthened coordination at the EU's level.They embrace the practice of choosing specific regions or areas as their priority,taking advantage of multinational institutions,preferring foreign aids and investment,balancing domestic diverse interests and establishing leading institutions.However,the factors such as geopolitical environment,historical experience,national capacity and industrial structure lead to the differences in the fields of overseas interests'distribution,types and protection pattern,etc.France maintains all-around influence in the economic,trade and financial fields through investment,garrison and currency peg,etc.Britain continues to develop the modes of“adjusting measures to local conditions”and“combining suzerain state's management and local situation”,in order to reduce barriers for interests'protection and expansion.Germany prefers to adopt peaceful multilateral way to deal with Africa.Recently,international environment and regional situation brought new challenges and uncertainties,which caused negative effects on France,Britain and Germany's interests protection in Africa.In order to turn the tide,the three countries has developed relationship with African countries actively,strived to protect their special interests in Africa,and then expanded global influence.