论清初“正统”论建构及其影响

On the Construction of “Legitimism” in Early Qing Dynasty and Its Influence

明清易代之后,清初统治者为了应对士林喧嚣、民怨沸腾和夷夏之防等问题,有意将政权的合法性建基于儒家的道统之上。顺治、康熙、雍正和乾隆四朝都在积极地建构“正统”论,崇理学、兴文教、祭祀明代陵寝,以此来彰显清朝承绪明祚的正统性,收拢天下人心,尤其是聚拢和整合士林阶层为新朝服务,从而通过“文治”来最大限度地消弭社会动荡。这些举措有效地缓解了南明政权消亡之后新的统治者所面临的来自于“政统”、“道统”、“文统”三个方面的巨大压力,使得清朝政权逐渐稳固。清初“正统”论的建构,极大地影响了清代道统观和文统观的发展。在道统观上,清朝统治者张扬政统,抑制学统;在文统观上,则表现为朴学、桐城文派和今文经学间的不断转换。

When the Qing Dynasty was started,the rulers who had confronted with many serious social problems such as the uproar of gentry,the boiling of people s resentment and the distinction between nationalities intentionally based the legitimacy of their regime on Confucian orthodoxy.During the reigns of Emperor Shunzhi,Emperor Kangxi,Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong,the“orthodoxy”theory had been continually and actively constructed.The rulers publicized Neo-Confucianism,advocated culture and education,and offered sacrifices to the mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty to manifest the legitimacy of the inheritance of the reign of the Ming Dynasty by the Qing Dynasty.In these way,the rulers tried to win the support of people,especially to assemble and integrate the gentry class,making them serve for the new dynasty,so as to reverse social instability to the largest extent through“civilized administration”.These measures had effectively eased the new rulers’great pressures from the three perspectives of“political orthodoxy”,“Confucian orthodoxy”and“literature orthodoxy”since the death of the Southern Ming Regime,making the regime of the Qing Dynasty increasingly stable.The construction of the“orthodoxy”theory in the early Qing Dynasty had greatly influenced the development of the concepts of Confucian orthodoxy and literature orthodoxy in the dynasty.In the prospect of Confucian orthodoxy,the rulers advocated political orthodoxy and restrained intellectual orthodoxy;in the prospect of literature orthodoxy,the status of the schools of textology,Tongcheng and New Text had constantly exchanged.