企业家精神与区域内收入差距:效应与影响机制分析

Entrepreneurship and Regional Income Gap: Analysis of Effects and Mechanisms

本文从理论和实证两个角度论证促进企业家精神与缩小收入差距之间的互补性关系,即二者是统一的。研究表明:第一,企业家精神显著抑制收入差距,即表明企业家精神越活跃,企业家数量越多,收入差距越小。通过替换收入差距指标、企业家精神指标和利用滞后30年的国企职工比重作为工具变量进行估计,该结果依然稳健;第二,相比于1995—2002年时期,2003—2015年期间,企业家精神显著抑制收入差距;第三,相比于收入差距的高分位点,企业家精神对收入差距低分位点的抑制效果更显著;第四,企业家精神可以通过就业效应、收入效应和减贫效应而抑制收入差距;第五,高质量型企业家精神具有扩大总体收入差距和农村收入差距的作用,但能抑制城镇收入差距。因此,尊重企业家、降低企业家准入门槛、营造良好的企业家市场竞争环境,以促进企业家创业和创新精神,充分发挥企业家精神缩小收入差距的作用。同时,也需加速城市化进程,吸收更多的农村剩余劳动力。

In the new ear,high-quality economic development calls for entrepreneurship to explore new impetus for economic growth,and on the other hand,narrowing the income gap is needed to achieve longing for better life.Whether entrepreneurship and income gap are irreconcilable contradictions are issues that must be answered in the process of economic development in China.Previous literature mainly examines the influence of entrepreneurship in developed countries on the income gap and holds that entrepreneurship plays a role in widening the income gap.Less attention has been paid to developing countries,especially China.In China,the influence of entrepreneurship on the income gap needs further investigation to enrich relevant literature.Therefore,this paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurship and income gap in the transition period of China from the perspective of theory and evidence.Firstly,this article defines the connotation of entrepreneurship.Based on this,it theoretically analyzed the relationship between entrepreneurship and income disparity.And then,it proposed three hypotheses.Secondly,this paper uses the provincial panel data from 1995 to 2015 for empirical testing.This paper draws on the provincial Gini coefficient measured by Tian Weimin(2012)as an indicator to measure the income gap,and draws on Hébert and Link(1989)to divide entrepreneurship into entrepreneurial entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial innovation,and then refer to Li Hongbin et al.(2009)to measure entrepreneurship.The system generalized moment method(SYS-GMM)proposed by Blundell and Bond(1998)is used for estimation.The results show that the coefficient of entrepreneurship is significantly negative,that is,entrepreneurship significantly inhibits the income gap.And this result is robust by replacing the Gini coefficient,entrepreneurship and using the ratio of state enterprise workers 30 years as instrumental variable.Using the intermediary effect model proposed by Baron and Kenny(1986)to study the mechanism,the results show that there are three mediating effects,which are the employment effect,income effect and poverty reduction effect.Quantile regression results show that at the low point,entrepreneurship could significantly narrow the income gap,while at the high point,entrepreneurship could not significantly reduce the income gap.This paper also tries to distinguish high-quality entrepreneurship and research the impact of high-quality entrepreneurship on income gap,which show that the high quality-entrepreneurship significantly expands the overall Gini coefficient and the rural Gini coefficient,while significantly inhibits the urb Gini coefficient.In the new era,to achieve the win-win goal of both economic growth and better life,based on the research results,we should firmly implement the policy of“mass entrepreneurship and innovation”to stimulate the entrepreneurial spirit of the whole society.The policy of“ten thousand enterprises help ten thousand villages”should be actively promoted to give play to the social responsibility of entrepreneurs.In order to weaken the negative effects of high-quality entrepreneurship,urbanization must be accelerated which transfer surplus the rural labor and help them to find better jobs by providing basic public services.