从语用入侵谈格赖斯“所言”

Exploring Gricean’s “What is said” from the Perspective of Pragmatic Intrusion

格赖斯(Grice)具有创见性地将说话者意义划分为二元对照的"所言"(What is said)与"所含"(What is implicated),但这种区分并非毫无问题。列文森(Levinson)认为格赖斯的这种区分会最终陷入一个二元循环之中,即一方面所含的推导需要借助所含的基础信息,另一方面,所言的理解同时也需要借助所含推导出来的语用信息。这种循环被列文森称之为"格赖斯循环"。列文森等人对传统格赖斯意义理论提出的质疑,表明学界对语义和语用界面问题的讨论从关注"区分"到关注"交互"的转变。在这个层面上,本文将语用入侵(Pragmatic intrusion)作为切入点,分析语用信息对说话者意义中的所言意义的影响,并进一步讨论这种语用侵入的实质,旨在为语用、语义的界面问题的讨论提供一个可能的思路。

Grice innovatively divided speaker’s meaning into a binary system of "what is said" and "what is implicated". However, this distinction is not without problems. Levinson believes that Grice’s division will eventually fall into a dual cycle. On the one hand, the derivation of "what is implicated" is considerably dependent on the basic information in "what is said", and on the other hand, to work out the meaning of "what is said" also needs the pragmatic information in "what is implicated". Levinson coined this cycle as "Grice’s Circle". The questioning of the traditional Gricean theory of meaning by Levinson and his contemporaries indicated that the academic discussion of semantic & pragmatic interfaces has shifted its focus from "differentiation" to "interaction". This thesis intends to discuss the meaning of "what is said" in Grice’s binary system of speaker’s meaning from the perspective of pragmatic intrusion, and further discuss the essence of this pragmatic intrusion, aiming at offering some possible approaches to the discussion of pragmatic & semantic interface.